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Anatomy > Thorax 4 > Flashcards

Thorax 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What divides the superior and inferior
areas of mediastinum?

A

Sternal angle

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2
Q

What is the ascending aorta within?

A

Ascending within pericardial sac

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3
Q

What does the aortic arch lie behind?

A

Arch lies behind manubrium sterni, in front of trachea

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4
Q

At what level does the arch of aorta become continuous with the descending aorta?

A

Becomes continuous with descending aorta at level of
sternal angle.

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5
Q

Where does the descending thoracic aorta begin?

A

Begins at about (vertebral level) T4-T5
from the arch of the aorta

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6
Q

What portion of the mediastinum does the descending thoracic aorta descend in?

A

Descends in the posterior mediastinum

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7
Q

What does the descending thoracic aorta pass through before it becomes the abdominal aorta and at what vertebrae level?

A

Passes through the aortic hiatus of the
diaphragm at T12

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8
Q

What is median arcuate ligament syndrome?

A

‘MALS’ is a rare condition which involves compression on coeliac trunk

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9
Q

What is impaired in MALS?

A

Impairs blood flow – oesophagus, stomach, liver,
spleen, and other organs.

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10
Q

What are symptoms of MALS?

A

abdominal pain, unintentional weight loss
and abdominal bruit (abnormal sound)

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11
Q

What is MALS confirmed via?

A

Confirmed via vascular imaging

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12
Q

Where are the brachiocephalic veins found in relation to the brachiocephalic trunk?

A

Anterior to Brachiocephalic Trunk

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13
Q

What alternative route does the azygous system provide?

A

The azygous system of veins provides an alternative route for venous return back
to the heart via the superior vena cava in cases where the inferior vena cava is
damaged

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14
Q

What veins does the right superior intercostal vein receive from?

A

receives the 2nd and 3rd posterior intercostal veins

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15
Q

What veins does the the azygous vein receive from?

A

receives lower 8 right posterior intercostal
veins, right superior intercostal vein and
hemiazygous veins

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16
Q

What does the left superior intercostal vein drains?

A

drains 2-3rd left posterior intercostal veins

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17
Q

What veins does the superior (Accessory) hemiazygos vein receive?

A

receives 4-8th left posterior intercostal veins

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18
Q

What veins does the inferior hemiazygos veins receive from?

A

Receives lowest 4-5 left posterior intercostal
veins

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19
Q

What is the thymus involved in?

A

Involved in the early development of the immune
system and is largest, relative to body size, in
children

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20
Q

What portion is the thymus located in?

A

Located in anterior portion of the superior
mediastinum lying immediately posterior to the
manubrium of the sternum

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21
Q

What does the lymphatic system consist of?

A

Consists of lymphatic tissues and lymphatic vessels.

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22
Q

What do lymphatic tissue contain?

A

Lymphatic tissues contain large numbers of
lymphocytes e.g. the thymus, the spleen.

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23
Q

What is lymphatic tissue essential for?

A

Lymphatic tissue is essential for the immunological
defences.

24
Q

How does the lymphatic vessels assis the cardiovascular system?

A

Lymphatic vessels assist the cardiovascular system
in the removal of tissue fluid from the tissue
spaces of the body  the vessels then return the
fluid to the blood.

25
Q

What are the functions of the lymphatic system?

A

 Maintains blood volume homeostasis.
 Immune response.
 Filters dietary fats.

26
Q

What is the appearance of lymph like?

A

Lymph is colourless and clear.

27
Q

How does lymph move?

A

Lymph moves through lymphatic vessels.

28
Q

What lymphatic nodes does the anterior thoracic wall drain into?

A

Anterior thoracic wall drain into
parasternal nodes and the
diaphragmatic nodes

29
Q

What lymphatic nodes does the posterior thoracic wall drain into?

A

Posterior thoracic wall drain to
intercostal nodes around the head
and necks of the ribs

30
Q

What nodes does the lungs drain into?

A

Lungs drain into tracheobronchial
nodes

31
Q

What do the tracheobronchial nodes drain into?

A

drain into the
bronchomediastinal lymph trunks

32
Q

What is the course of the thoracic duct?

A

 Starts at cisterna chyli
 Ascends through thorax
 Passes behind the arch of
the aorta to enter the left
brachiocephalic vein

33
Q

What does the bronchomediastinal lymph trunk drain into?

A

The bronchomediastinal
lymph trunks drain into
the thoracic duct and its
counterpart on the right

34
Q

Where do preganglionic sympathetic outflow from?

A

Preganglionic sympathetic outflow
from spinal cord segments T1-L2
-Thoracolumbar outflow

35
Q

Where do some of the preganglionic sympathetic outflow neurons from the spinal cord synapse and where are they located?

A

Some of these neurons synapse in
paravertebral ganglia located on each
side of the vertebral column, which
are connected

36
Q

What is the size of of preganglionic fibres in the sympathetic chain and how many postganglionic neurons do they roughly synapse with? What does this facilitate?

A

Preganglionic fibres are short
and synapse with roughly 30
postganglionic neurons
 Facilitates divergence and
more widespread response

37
Q

How are thoracic splanchnic nerves formed and what do they supply?

A

The lower 8 thoracic sympathetic ganglia
mainly give pre-ganglionic fibres, which are
grouped together to form thoracic splanchnic
nerves and supply abdominal viscera

38
Q

What is the course of thoracic splanchnic nerves, where they synapse and where they innervate?

A

 Preganglionic fibres pass through the
sympathetic chain without synapsing
 Synapse in separate prevertebral ganglia
(located around the blood vessels of the aorta)
 Postganglionic fibres leave ganglia to innervate visceral tissues and organs within
abdominopelvic cavity

39
Q

What vertebrae level is the greater splanchnic nerve?

A

T5-T9

40
Q

Where does the greater splanchnic nerve syanpse?

A

Synapse in coeliac ganglion - foregut

41
Q

What vertebrae level is the lesser splanchnic nerve?

A

T9/10 or T10/11

42
Q

Where does the lesser splanchnic nerve synapse?

A

Synapse in superior mesenteric ganglion - midgut

43
Q

What vertebrae level is the least splanchnic nerve?

A

T12

44
Q

Where does the least splanchnic nerve synapse?

A

Synapses in aorticorenal ganglion - kidneys

45
Q

What vertebrae level is the lumbar splanchnic nerve?

A

L1-L2

46
Q

Where does the lumbar splanchnic nerve synapse?

A

Synapse in the inferior mesenteric ganglion - hindgut

47
Q

Where does the phrenic nerve originate from?

A

Originates from the cervical plexus

48
Q

What does the phrenic nerve contain?

A

Contains motor, sensory, and sympathetic nerve
fibers

49
Q

What motor supply does the phrenic nerve provide?

A

Motor supply to the diaphragm (C3, 4, 5 keeps
the diaphragm alive)

50
Q

What does the phrenic nerve provide sensation to?

A

Sensation to the central tendon

51
Q

What does each phrenic nerve provide sensation to in the thorax?

A

In the thorax, each phrenic nerve supplies
sensation to the mediastinal parietal pleura and pericardium.

52
Q

What is the course of the phrenic nerve?

A

 Enters the superior mediastinum
lateral to vagus nerve and posterior
to the brachiocephalic veins
 Passes anteriorly to the hilum of the
lung and over the pericardium of the
heart sending small pericardial
branches to it

53
Q

What does the vagus nerve supply between the neck down to the second segment of the transverse colon?

A

Supplies motor parasympathetic fibers
to all the organs except the suprarenal
(adrenal) glands, from the neck down
to the second segment of the
transverse colon

54
Q

What skeletal muscles does the vagus nerve control?

A

Controls a few skeletal muscles
 Superior, middle and inferior
pharyngeal constrictors
 Muscles of the larynx

55
Q

What is the course of the vagus nerve?

A

Descends through the neck
in the carotid sheath.

56
Q

What does the cardiac branch of the vagus nerve innervate?

A

parasympathetic innervation to
the sino-atrial and atrio-ventricular
nodes of the heart

57
Q

What is a plexus?

A

a network of nerves or vessels in the body.
(not from one system)

Anatomy (12 decks)

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