Thorax Flashcards
1
Q
Retromammary space
A
space b/w breasts and investing layer (fascia) of pec major
2
Q
Breast arterial supply
A
Internal thoracic branches
Lateral thoracic
Post intercostal aa (cutaneous branches)
3
Q
Spaces on post surface of heart
A
Transverse pericardial sinus
Oblique pericardial sinus
4
Q
Pericardium layers
A
Fibrous (outer)
Serous (inner)
1. Parietal (wall)
2. Visceral (surface of heart) AKA epicardium
5
Q
What are the layers of the heart?
A
Epicardium (visceral pericardium)
Myocardium (majority of heart)
Endocardium (membranous layer continuous with lining of vessels)
6
Q
Fibrous pericardium attached to diaphragm via…
A
pericardiacophrenic ligament
7
Q
Blood vessels that run on pericardium
A
Pericardio-phrenic a and v
8
Q
Apex of the heart points in what direction
A
Down to left
9
Q
What kind of blood on
Right side
Left side
of heart?
A
Right: venous return from body
Left: oxygenated from lungs
10
Q
Cardiac circuit blood vessel
What chamber does vessel dump into?
A
Coronary sinus (blood from heart itself enters right atrium)
11
Q
Branches of Arch of Aorta
A
Brachiocephalic a
Left common carotid a
Left subclavian a
12
Q
Valves of heart
A
Atrioventricular valves (R: Tricuspid, L: Mitral)
Pulmonary valve
Aortic valve
13
Q
Right and left fibrous ring
A
Outline tricuspid and mitral valves
14
Q
Fibrous coronet outline what valves?
A
Pulmonary and aortic valves
15
Q
2 AV valves
A
Tricuspid (R)
Mitral (L)
16
Q
2 Semilunar valves
A
Pulmonary
Aortic
17
Q
Septum of heart
A
Interatrial (b/w atria)
Interventricular (b/w ventricles)
AV (b/w atrium and ventricle)
18
Q
Pectinate muscle
A
Rough wall of right atrium
19
Q
Crista terminalis
A
Border where pectinate muscles of right atrium end
20
Q
Sinus venarum
Remnant of…
A
Smooth wall of right atrium
Remnant of sinus venosus
21
Q
Oval fossa
Remnant of…
A
Depression on interatrial septum
Remnant of foramen ovale
22
Q
What structures are located in right atrium?
A
Pectinate muscle
Crista terminalis
Sinus venarum
Oval fossa
23
Q
Cusps of tricuspid (right AV valve)
A
Anterior
Septal
Posterior
24
Q
Structure of tricuspid valve
A
Cusps –> tendinous cords –> papillary muscles
25
Septomarginal trabecula (moderator band)
Conduit for electrical sys of heart
26
Compare pulmonary and tricuspid valves
Both have 3 cusps
Tricuspid has chordae tendineae and papillary muscles
Pulmonary has neither
27
Branches of thoracic aorta
```
Bronchial
Mediastinal
Esophageal
Pericardial
Celiac trunk
```
28
Branches of arch of aorta
Brachiocephalic a
Left common carotid a
Left subclavian a
29
Celiac trunk located
below diaphragm
30
```
Right or left?
Aorta
Azygos
Hemiazygos
Accessory hemiazygos
```
Aorta: left
Azygos: right
Hemiazygos: left
Accessory azygos: left
31
Vessels that drain to right atrium
Sup and inf vena cava
| Coronary sinus
32
Cusps of mitral valve
2 (left side--bishop is never right)
33
Number of cusps of pulmonary and aortic valves
both have 3 cusps
34
Walls of right atrium
| Walls of left atrium
Right: pectinate and sinus venarum (rough and smooth)
Left: only smooth
35
Chordae tendineae and papillary muscles are characteristic of what chamber of the heart?
R and L ventricles
36
Branches of R Coronary Artery
```
(MAPS)
Post interventricular branch
SA nodal branch
AV nodal branch
Marginal branch
```
37
Branches of L Coronary Artery
```
(CALM)
Ant interventricular branch
Lateral diagonal branch
Left marginal artery
Circumflex branch
```
38
Blood supply of myocardium by coronary aa
2/3 left coronary a
| 1/3 right coronary a
39
Where does coronary sinus run?
Coronary sulcus
| Runs on back of heart
40
What vessels run into coronary sinus?
Great cardiac vein
Left marginal vein
Left post ventricular vein
Middle cardiac vein
41
SA node located
| AV node located
SA: right atrium
AV: interatrial septum
42
Mediastinum
Everything left after remove heart and lungs
43
```
Mediastinum:
Sup
Inf
Ant
Post
```
Sup: T1 - above sternal angle
Inf: below sternal angle - diaphragm
Ant: heart
Post: area behind heart
44
Contents of sup mediastinum
```
Sup vena cava
Arch of aorta and branches
Pulmonary aa and vv
Azygos v
Phrenic nerve
Vagus nerve (recurrent laryngeal nerve branch)
Ductus arteriosus
Thymus
Trachea
```
45
Ligamentum ateriosum
| Remnant of...
Solid piece of connective tissue
| Remnant of ductus arteriosus (connected pulmonary trunk to aorta)
46
Location where recurrent laryngeal branch of vagus makes loop on right side?
Left side?
Right side: R recurrent laryngeal loops around brachiocephalic trunk (higher than left side)
Left side: L recurrent laryngeal loops under aorta, in front of ligamentum arteriosum (lower than right side)
47
Thymus gland location
behind manubrium of sternum
48
Lung bypasses in fetus
Ductus arteriosus
- -Connects pulmonary trunk and aorta
- -Adult: ligamentum arteriosum
Foramen ovale
- -Connects right and left atrium
- -Adult: oval fossa
49
Ligamentum arteriosum
| Remnant of...
Solid piece of connective tissue
| Remnant of ductus arteriosus
50
Structures located in both the sup and post mediastinum
Arch of aorta
Azygos v
Vagus nerve
Recurrent laryngeal nerves
51
Contents of post mediastinum
```
Arch of aorta
Sympathetic trunk
Thoracic duct
Vagus nerve
Recurrent laryngeal branch
Azygos v
Esophagus
```
52
True ribs
1-7
| Articulate directly with sternum
53
False ribs
8-10
| Costal cartilages join up with that of rib 7
54
Floating ribs
11-12
| No costal cartilages
55
Parts/characteristics of typical rib
```
Bicipetal
Head w/ sup and inf facets
Neck
Tubercle w/ articular facet
Costal groove: NAV run here
```
56
What are the facets of a typical rib and to where do they attach?
Sup and inf facets: articulate with body of vertebra with the same number and the vertebra above it
Articular facet on tubercle: articulates with transverse process of vertebra with same number
57
Structures of 1st rib
```
Grooves for subclavian a and v
Scalene tubercle (for ant scalene muscle)
```
58
Structure of 2nd rib
Tuberosity for serratus ant
59
3 parts of sternum
| Joints of sternum
```
Manubrium
--Manubriosternal joint (sternal angle)
Body
--Xiphisternal joint
Xiphoid process
```
60
Sup and inf thoracic apertures...open or closed?
Sup: open
Inf: closed by diaphragm
61
What kind of joints do ribs have?
Synovial
62
Ligaments of ribs
Radiate: around head of rib (which is attached to vert body)
Costotransverse: b/w transverse process and rib
63
Motion of upper ribs
| Lower ribs
Upper: rounded joints rotate up and down
-- "pump handle"
Lower: plane joints which elevate and depress
-- "bucket handle"
64
Muscles of thorax
```
Pec major and minor
Serratus anterior and posterior
External intercostals
Internal intercostals
Transversus thoracis
```
65
Serratus post sup action
| Serratus post inf action
Post sup: elevate ribs
| Post inf: depress ribs
66
Levator costarum action
Elevate ribs
67
External intercostal action
Elevate ribs during forced inspiration
68
Internal intercostal action
Depress ribs during forced respiration
69
Transversus thoracic action
Weakly depresses ribs
70
Levatores costarum run...
From transverse process --> rib below
71
3 holes in diapragm for...
Aorta (splanchnic nerves travel through here)
Inf vena cava
Esophagus
72
Parts of parietal pleura lining lung cavity
Cervical
Costal
Diaphragmatic
Mediastinal
73
Endothoracic fascia located between
Parietal pleura and body cavity
74
Are visceral and parietal pleura of lung continuous?
Yes
75
Costodiaphragmatic recesses
spaces at bottom corners of lung cavity
| allow for lung expansion
76
Cardiac notch
In left lung
| Where heart is located
77
Hilum
Area of lungs that is entrance for vessels and air passageways
78
Lingula
tongue-like part of left lung
| part of sup lobe
79
Lobes of Right lung
| Left lung
R: sup, mid, inf
L: sup, inf
80
Fissures of Right lung
| Left lung
R: horiz and oblique
L: oblique
81
Surface of Right Lung
Groove for sup vena cava
Groove for azygos v
Impressions for vagus and phrenic
82
Surface of Left Lung
Cardiac impression
Impression from arch of aorta
Impression from subclavian
83
Root of lung
area b/w lung and trachea
84
Airpassageways of lung
Trachea
R and L primary bronchi
Secondary bronchi
Broncho-pulmonary segments
85
How many secondary bronchi in right lung?
| Left lung?
Right: 3 secondary bronchi (1 per lobe)
Left: 2 secondary bronchi
86
3 types of bronchioles
Conducting
Terminal
Respiratory
87
Parts of alveoli
alveolar duct
| alveolar sac
88
3 things that pass through diaphragm
Inf vena cava (T9)
Esophagus (T10)
Aorta (T11)
89
Nerves of lungs
Sym
Parasym
Sym: sym trunks
Parasym: vagus
90
Central tendon of diaphragm
Large tendon in middle of diaphragm muscle
91
Function of serous pericardium
secretes lubriant to prevent heart from getting caught on inside of pericardium
92
Bronchial arteries originate from...
Thoracic aorta
93
Bronchial veins drain to...
Azygos
Hemiazygos
Pulmonary vv
94
Lymph nodes in lungs drain to...
lymph nodes around trachea
95
Thoracic duct
| Drains into...
All lymph fluid from body (except rt upper limb and head) drains through thoracic duct (left side)
Drains into left brachiocephalic v at bifurction into L jugular and L subclavian
96
Right lymphatic duct
| Drains into...
Lymph fluid from rt upper limb drains here
| Drains into right brachiocephalic v
97
Pulmonary plexus
combo of parasym (from vagus--runs on esophagus) and
| sym (from sym trunk)
98
Cardiac plexus
nerves to heart
99
Esophageal plexus
runs on esophagus -- innervation to gut
| vagus joins with esophageal plexus
100
Another name for nerve T2
Anterior intercostobrachial nerve
101
Name of fused ganglion (inf cervical ganglion + 1st thoracic ganglion)
Cervicothoracic (stellate) ganglion
102
Rami communicantes
Connects ganglion with spinal nerves
- -White ramus
- -Gray ramus
103
Sympathetic ganglion are close/far to origin
Close to origin (spinal cord)
104
Another name for T2 nerve
Anterior intercostobrachial nerve
