Thorax

Question 1

The thorax is composed of what four parts

Answer 1

1. Thoracic Vertebrae
2. 12 pairs of ribs (costae)
3. Sternum
4. Costal Cartilages

Question 2

What are the functions of the thorax

Answer 2

1. Protection of vital organs within
2. attachment point for the shoulder girdle and upper limb
3. Expandable/ collapsible container which facilitates respiration
4. Maintain hemopoiesis

Question 3

How does the thorax facilitate respiration

Answer 3

By changing the ration between intrathoracic pressure and volume

Question 4

What type of bones is the thorax composed of

Answer 4

Flat

Question 5

What is hemopoiesis

Answer 5

production of blood elements

Question 6

What are the bones of the Sternum

Answer 6

Manubrium
Body
Xiphoid process

Question 7

What are the features of the manubrium

Answer 7

clavicular notch
jugular notch
notch for 1st rib
1/2 notch for 2nd rib

Question 8

What are the features of the sternum body

Answer 8

notches for ribs 2-7

composed of bony fragments called sternebrae

Question 9

What are the features of the xiphoid process

Answer 9

• Cartilaginous attachment to sternum

- xiphoid process is the tip of the infrasternal angle (costal cartilages of ribs 7-10)

Question 10

Where is the sternal angle

Answer 10

between the manubrium and the sternal body

Question 11

What is the sternal angle a good landmark of

Answer 11

an excellent palpable landmark for orientation on the anterior surface of the chest

Question 12

What is the xiphoid process a good landmark for?

Answer 12

a good landmark for the inferior boundary of thoracic cavity
inferior border of the heart
superior boundary of the liver

Question 13

What ribs are ‘true ribs’

Answer 13

ribs 1-7

Question 14

Why are true ribs called that?

Answer 14

because of their direct attachment to sternum

Question 15

What are ribs 8-12 called

Answer 15

False ribs

Question 16

What ribs are floating ribs

Answer 16

11 & 12

Question 17

Why are floating ribs called that?

Answer 17

because they do not attach to the sternum at all

Question 18

Which ribs are typical ribs

Answer 18

3-10

Question 19

What are the features of a typical rib

Answer 19

head
crest
neck
angle
tubercle
flat body
costal sulcus

Question 20

What is the crest on the rib

Answer 20

divides head into 2 articular surfaces to accommodate the head of a rib to articulate with two vertebrae

Question 21

What are the features of the tubercle of the rib

Answer 21

an additional facet- joint between rib and transverse process of vertebra

Question 22

What is the shape of a typical body of a rib

Answer 22

flat and exhibit anterior and posterior surfaces

Question 23

Where is the costal sulcus

Answer 23

inferior margin of typical rib

Question 24

What is the costal sulcus

Answer 24

a linear groove that provides extra space and protection for intercostal arteries, veins and nerves

Question 25

What ribs are Atypical

Answer 25

1, 2, 11, 12

Question 26

What are the features of Rib 1

Answer 26

tubercle of anterior scalenus muscle | grooves for subclavian artery and vein

Question 27

Which atypical rib has a tuberosity of serratus anterior muscle

Answer 27

rib 2

Question 28

What are the features of ribs 11 and 12

Answer 28

shorter than other ribs their heads posses only a single whole facet these ribs dont have necks or tubercles

Question 29

Why do ribs 11 and 12 only display a single whole facet

Answer 29

because they articulate with corresponding number vertebrae

Question 30

2 types of thoracic aperatures

Answer 30

superior and inferior

Question 31

What parts of the thorax are involved in the superior thoracic aperature

Answer 31

T1 vertebra 1st pair of ribs their cartilages superior border of sternum

Question 32

What parts of the thorax are involved in the inferior thoracic aperature

Answer 32

T12 vertebra ribs 11 and 12 cartilage of ribs 7, 8, 9, 10 xiphisternal joint

Question 33

What two acts is the respiratory cycle composed of

Answer 33

Inspiration (inhale) and expiration (exhale)

Question 34

Is inspiration active or passive

Answer 34

active (requires muscle)

Question 35

is expiration active or passive

Answer 35

passive (tissues recoil)

Question 36

During inspiration is the chest expanding or contracting

Answer 36

expanding

Question 37

During expiration if the thorax collapsing or expanding

Answer 37

collapsing

Question 38

What happens to the volume and intrathroacic pressure on inspiration

Answer 38

volume is increasing, pressure is decreasing

Question 39

what is happening to the volume and intrathoracic pressure during expiration

Answer 39

volume is decreasing and pressure is increasing

Question 40

Define Eupnea

Answer 40

Normal breathing (12-16 cycles/min)

Question 41

Define Dyspnea

Answer 41

aggravated breathing

Question 42

Define Tachypnea

Answer 42

accelerated breathing >16 cycles/min

Question 43

Define Bradypnea

Answer 43

slowed breathing <12 cycles/min

Question 44

Joints are mostly what type

Answer 44

synovial

Question 45

When observing the thorax from lateral what would one notice about the ribs

Answer 45

they slope to anterior and inferior direction

Question 46

Where are ribs attached

Answer 46

vertebrae and sternum

Question 47

what is the type of movement decribed in joints

Answer 47

'bucket-handle'

Question 48

What do costovertebral joints involve

Answer 48

head of rib and body of vetebrae

Question 49

what reinforces the costovertebral joint

Answer 49

intra-articular and radiate ligaments

Question 50

What is involved in the costotransverse ligament?

Answer 50

tubercle of rib ad the TP of vertebra

Question 51

What ligaments are involved in the costotransverse joint?

Answer 51

lateral, medial and superior costotransverse ligaments

Question 52

What does the constochondral joint entail

Answer 52

attachment of rib to its own cartilage

Question 53

How is the costochrondral joint reinforced

Answer 53

through the periosteum/perichondrium

Question 54

What is involved in the sternocostal joint?

Answer 54

attachment of the rib to sternum

Question 55

How is the 1st rib of the sternocostal joint attached to the sterum

Answer 55

syncgridrisus

Question 56

How are ribs 2-7 attached to the sternum

Answer 56

synovial joints

Question 57

How is the sternocostal joint reinforced

Answer 57

anterior and posterior sternocostal ligament

Question 58

Where are interchondral joints?

Answer 58

between cartilages of ribs 6, 7, 8, and 9 (10)

Question 59

Is the joint between 9 and 10 fibrous?

Answer 59

yes

Question 60

Which joints are sternal joints?

Answer 60

manubriosternal and xiphosternal

Question 61

What are some common pathologies of the ribs

Answer 61

rib dislocation and rib separation

Question 62

What happens in rib dislocation

Answer 62

separation of costal cartilage from sternum

Question 63

what happens in rib separation

Answer 63

separation of rib from its cartilage

Question 64

What is the diaphragm attached to

Answer 64

``` lumbar vertebrae ribs (7-12) costal cartilage distal sternum xiphoid process ```

Question 65

What does the median acruate ligament create?

Answer 65

an opening to allow passage of the aorta from thoracic into abdominal cavity

Question 66

What is the purpose of the medial and lateral arcuate ligaments

Answer 66

allow fibers of psoas major and quadratus lumbordum muscles to reach their proximal attachments to skeleton

Question 67

what is the shape of the central tendon

Answer 67

clover leaf

Question 68

is the central tendon contractile?

Answer 68

no

Question 69

What runs through the central tendon?

Answer 69

opening for inferior vena cava

Question 70

Where is the psoas major located?

Answer 70

medial

Question 71

Where is the quadratus lumborum located

Answer 71

lateral