Introduction to Anatomy & Intro to Skeleton Flashcards
(78 cards)
1
Q
How is Anatomy studied
A
- Regional: body regions
- Systemic: body systems
- Clinical: body structure & function with application to medicine
2
Q
What is the Anatomical Position
A
- head, eyes, toes forward
- upper limbs by sides with palms forward
- lower limbs together with feet directed forward
3
Q
Describe MEDIAN plane
A
(midsagittal)
divides body in to half (“left and right”)
4
Q
Describe CORONAL plane
A
(frontal)
divides body in to anterior and posterior
5
Q
describe TRANSVERSE
A
(horizontal)
divides body into upper and lower parts
6
Q
What are the two additional planes
A
SAGITTAL- parallel to the medial
(parasagittal)
OBLIQUE- infreq.
7
Q
What word can be used instead of posterior
A
Dorsal
8
Q
Dorsum is latin for what
A
back of structure
9
Q
What word can be used instead of anterior
A
Ventral
10
Q
Venter is latin for what
A
stomach
11
Q
Anterior/Posterior plane?
A
Frontal/Coronal
12
Q
Superior/Inferior plane?
A
Transverse/Horizontal
13
Q
what does Cranial mean?
A
Towards the head
14
Q
what does Caudal mean?
A
towards the tail
15
Q
Medial/ Lateral Plane?
A
Median plane
16
Q
What does medial mean?
A
closer to the median plane
17
Q
what does lateral mean?
A
farther from the medial plane
18
Q
Define proximal.
A
nearer to trunk, or point of origin
19
Q
Define distal.
A
farther from trunk or point of origin
20
Q
“Closer to the surface”
A
superficial
21
Q
“Farther from surface” (deep)
A
profound
22
Q
Between superficial and deep structure
A
intermediate
23
Q
Laterus dexter
A
right side
24
Q
Laterus sinister
A
left side
25
Ipsilateral
occurring on the same side
26
Contralateral
occurring on the opposite side of body
27
Functions of the Skeleton
1. Protection
2. Support
3. Movement
4. Mineral deposition
5. Blood element production
28
Two parts of skeleton
Axial and Appendicular
29
Parts of Axial Skeleton
bones of head
spinal column
ribs
sternum
30
Parts of the Appendicular Skeleton
bones of shoulder girdle
bones of the upper limb
bones of the pelvic girdle
bones of the lower limb
31
What are some features of compact bone
lamellae
Volkmanns canals
Haversian Canals
32
What is included in spongy bone
trabeculae
33
How are bones classified
```
short
long
flat
irregular
sessamoid
```
34
What are accessory bones
```
supernumerary bones (Wormian bones within the suture of the skull)
extra fractured areas "sutral bones"
```
35
What are "riders bones"
heterotropic bones
| different location
36
What type of bone would be at an IV spot for users
Heterotropic bone
37
What degree do the three anatomical planes intersect
90
38
What are some examples of joints that do flexion / extension
knee, hip, wrist, shoulder
39
What are some examples of a joint that would do abduction/ adduction
shoulder, wrist, hip, metacarpalphalangeal (no thumb)
40
which joints are able to rotate (medially, and laterally)
atlanto-axial, hip, shoulder
41
which joints are involved in circumduction
hip
| shoulder
42
Example of plantar flexion and dorsi flexion
of foot at ankle joint
43
Example of pronation and supination
of forearm and hand at the radiounlar joint
44
Example of elevation and depression
temporomandibular join
45
Example of protrusion and retraction
head on temporomandibular joint moving forward and backward
46
example of opposition and reposition
thumb
47
Example of inversion and Eversion
Intertarsal joint (foot at ankle)
48
What are the parts of a typical long bone
1. diaphysis (shaft)
2. Epiphysis (ends x2)
3. epiphysis plate
4. metaphysis (neck between D and E)
5. medullary (marrow) cavity
6. Endosteum (medullary cavity membrane)
7. Periosteum (outer membrane)
49
What do muslces attaching to bones typically form
tubercles, tubers, crests etc
50
What do bones develop from
immature embryonic connective tissue
51
Parts of joints require to assemble a joint?
articular surfaces
52
What is Mesenchyme
embryonic immature tissue
53
What bones does intramembranous ossification take place and when?
occurs earlier in develpment, in clavicle, mandible, and bones of the skull cap
54
What happens in endochondral ossification
cartilage model of bone is made first and is later transformed into bone. This takes a little longer- up to 25 years
55
Structure of a typical joint (synovial diarthodial)
```
articular surfaces
articular cartilage
fibrous capsule
synovial lining
joint cavity
synovial liquid
```
56
Additional structures associated with joints
intraarticular discs
menisci
bursae
tendon sheaths
57
Classification of FUNCTIONAL joints
1. synarthodial
2. amphiarthodial
3. diarthrodial
58
Classification of STRUCTURAL joints
1. fibrous
2. cartliaginous
3. synovial
59
Two classifications of joints
functional
| structural
60
Example of Fibrous joint
1. sutures
2. gomphosis
3. syndemosis
61
What is an example of suture
joint between skull bone
62
What is an example of a gomphosis joint
tooth & socket
63
what is an exampled of a syndesmosis joint
between tibia and fibia
64
What does an osteogenic cell develop into
osteoblast
65
What forms bone tissue
osteoblast
66
what maintains bone tissue
osteocyte
67
What does an osteoclast do?
Resorption, the destruction of bone matrix
68
What are the holes in trabeculae for
space for red marrow
69
What is the process of intramembranous ossification
1. development of centre of ossification
2. formation of trabeculae
3. osteocytes deposit mineral salts
4. development of periosteum, spongy bone, and compact bone
70
What is the process of endochrondral ossfication
1. development of cartilage model
2. growth of cartilage model
3. development of primary ossification centre
4. development of secondary ossification centre
5. formation of articular cartilage and epiphyseal plate
71
What happens in a fracture
1. fracture hematoma
2. fibrocartilagenous callous formation
3. bony callus formation
4. bone remodeling
72
Example of a cartilaginous join
1. primary cartilaginous joint (synchondrosis)
| 2. secondary cartilagenous joint (symphysis)
73
Example of a primary cartilagenous joint
Epiphyseal plates
74
Example of Secondary cartilaginous joints
Pubic symphysis
75
Types of a Synovial Joint
1. Uniaxial
2. Biaxial
3. Multiaxial
76
Example of a uniaxial joint
plane (navicular & 2nd +3rd cuneform)
pivot hinge ( trochea and trochlear notch)
Hinge(Head of radius + radial notch of ulna)
77
Example of a biaxial joint
Condyloid (radius, scaphoid, lunate)
| Saddle (trapezium of carpus and metacarpal)
78
Example of multiaxial joint
ball and socket (head of femur and acetabulum of hip bone)
