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Anatomy > Thorax, Abdomen > Flashcards

Thorax, Abdomen Flashcards

(101 cards)

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1
Q

What is the superior and inferior border of thorax

A

clavicle to diaphram

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2
Q

what is the superior and inferior border of abdomen

A

diaphragm to above pelvic brim

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3
Q

thorax vs chest

A

thorax + scapula = chest

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4
Q

what does the thoracic cage consist of

A
  • sternum
  • rib 1-10
  • rib 11-12
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5
Q

what are the 3 intercostal muscles

A
  • external
  • internal
  • innermost
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6
Q

blood supply of the intercostal space

A

arterial supply: intercostal artery

venous drainage: intercostal vein -> azygous vein -> SVC

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7
Q

at which vertebrae level does the inferior vena cava open at the diaphragm

A

T8

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8
Q

at which vertebrae level does the esophagus open at the diaphragm

A

T10

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9
Q

at which vertebrae level does the aorta open at the diaphragm

A

T12

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10
Q

the area of the diaphragm that the heart lies on is called

A

central tendon

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11
Q

blood supply to the mammary tissue

A

subclavian artery -> internal mammary artery / internal costal artery

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12
Q

how does breast cancer occur

A
  • when tumour has penetrated deeper structures
  • when attempt to move the breast, it is restricted because the tumour is lodged on the pecs muscle
  • between the pecs muscle and the mammary gland, there is loose alveolar tissue that is moveable –> breast is technically moveable until the tumour cell penetrates into deep tissue
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13
Q

space between 2 lungs is called

A

mediastinum

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14
Q

lungs is covered with

A

pleural

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15
Q

heart is covered with

A

pericardium

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16
Q

pleura is covered by cells called

A

mesothelial cells

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17
Q

how can the mediastinum be divided into

A

superior

inferior
- anterior
- middle
- posterior

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18
Q

at which vertebral level does the trachea divide into the main bronhi

A

carina - level T4-T5

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19
Q

at T4 and T5, marks what landmark of the heart

A

ascending aorta ends
arch of aorta starts
arch of aorta ends
descending aorta starts

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20
Q

at T4 and T5, marks what landmark of the pulmonary system

A
  • carina
  • pulmonary trunk splits into right and left pulmonary artery
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21
Q

which part of the mediastinum is the heart located in

A

inferior, middle mediastinum

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22
Q

how is the parietal pleural further divided

A
  1. costal pleural (lines ribs)
  2. diaphragmatic pleural (lines diaphragm)
  3. mediastinal pleural (lines mediastinal portion of lungs)
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23
Q

what is included in the hilum of the lung

A
  • bronchi
  • pulmonary artery
  • pulmonary veins
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24
Q

significance of lung root

A
  • structures passing through the opening (hilum)
  • root covered by pleural -> meeting point of the visceral and parietal pleural = pulmonary ligament
  • level of T5, T6, T7 vertebrae
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25
what is recess of pleura
- widening of pleural cavity - folds of parietal pleura which act as reserve spaces for lungs to expand during deep inspiration
26
what are the 2 pleural recesses
- costodiaphragmatic recess - costomediastinal recess
27
3 surfaces of the lungs
- costal surface - mediastinum surface - diaphragmatic surface
28
borders of the lungs
- anterior - posterior - inferior
29
where is the apex of the lung located
2.5cm above clavicle and 4cm above 1st rib
30
which side of the lungs has how many lobes and fissues
left lung - 2 lobes (superior and inferior) - 1 fissure (oblique) right lung - 3 lobes (superior, middle, inferior) - 2 fissures (horizontal, oblique)
31
differences between the left and right hilum of the lung
right side 1. aparterial bronchus 2. pulmonary artery 3. hyparterial bronchus 4. pulmonary veins left side 1. pulmonary artery 2. principle bronchus 3. lower pulmonary vein
32
lung and pleural relation to the rib
lungs mid clavicle - 6th rib mid axillary - 8th rib scapula - 10th rib pleural mid clavicle - 8th rib mid axillary - 10th rib scapula - 12th rib
33
2 layers of the pericardium
- fibrous pericardium - serous pericardium
34
where is the pericardial cavity
between the visceral and parietal layer in the serous pericardium
35
sulcus between the atrium and ventricle is called
atrioventricular sulcus
36
sulcus between 2 ventricles is called
interventricular sulcus
37
what structures form the base of the heart
right and left atrium
38
what structure form the apex of the heart
left ventricle
39
blood supply of the heart
right and left coronary artery
40
branch of the left coronary artery
anterior interventricular artery (runs through the anterior interventricular sulcus) circumflex coronary artery (goes around the heart)
41
branch of the right coronary artery
posterior interventricular artery (runs through the posterior interventricular sulcus)
42
3 borders of the heart
- right: right atrium - left: left auricle and ventricle - lower: right atrium and ventricle
43
3 surfaces of the heart
- anterior: sternocostal surface - inferior: diaphragmatic surface - base: posterior surface
44
which chambers can be identified from the sternocostal surface
- right atrium + auricle - left auricle - right ventricle - part of left ventricle
45
which chambers can be identified on the diaphragmatic surface
- left ventricle - right ventricle
46
which chambers can be identified in the posterior surface
- right atrium - left atrium
47
"hole in the heart" is also known as
atrial septum defect
48
which ventricle has a thicker wall
left
49
which valve belongs to which side
tricuspid valve - right (between right atrium and right ventricle) mitral valve/bicuspid - left (between left atrium and left ventricle)
50
what is another name for anterior interventricular artery
left anterior descending (LAD) artery
51
venous drainage of the heart
all veins of heart -> CORONARY SINUS -> opens into right atrium
52
where does the pleural fluid come from and where does it go to
- secreted by the parietal layer - reabsorbed by visceral layer
53
what is pleural effusion
excess fluid that accumulates between the 2 pleural layers
54
what is pneumothorax
abnormal collection of air or gas in the pleural space/cavity
55
how to tell from a chest x-ray if patient has pleural effusion
masking of costal phrenic angle with fluid
56
what is the condition of excess fluid in the pericardial cavity called
pericardial effusion
57
what can pericardial effusion lead to
cardiac tamponade - extensive pericardial effusion - volume of sac compromised - does not allow full expansion of heart - limit amount of blood heart can receive - reduce CO
58
solution to pericardial effusion
pericardiocentesis - drainage of fluid from the pericardial cavity
59
which part of the stomach is filled with gas
fundus
60
inner surface of the stomach is lined with
rugae
61
parts of the stomach
fundus body pyloric antrium pyloric canal
62
what are the different barium contrast, how long does it take to fill up which ROI
barium swallow - esophagus - instant barium meal - stomach - 30mins barium follow through - S.I - 3-4 hours barium enema - L.I - give from anus
63
where does most of the digestion take place
jejunum
64
which part of the small intestine is fixed in place
duodenum
65
right colic flexure of the large intestine is also known as
hepatic flexure
66
left colic flexure of the large intestine is also known as
splenic flexure
67
special features of the large intestine
- haustrations* - taenia coli - appendices epiploicae
68
what is the rough finger-like projections in S.I called
plica circularis
69
location of the appendix
2cm below the intersection of transtubercular plane and right lateral plane
70
where is the Mc Burney's point
lateral 1/3 and medial 2/3 of line joining ASIS to umblicus
71
parts of the appendix
- base - body - tip - mesoappendix
72
which organ synthesizes bile
liver
73
pathway of bile
right/left lobe produces bile -> right/left hepatic duct -> common hepatic duct -> cystic duct (store in gallbladder) -> common bile duct
74
space between right kidney and liver is called
hepatorenal pouch/ Morisson's pouch
75
what is included in the portal hepatis (portal triad)
- common bile duct - hepatic artery - portal vein
76
superior and inferior relation of the portal hepatis
superior: caudate lobe inferior: quadrate lobe
77
where is the subphrenic recess
space in between the diaphragm and liver
78
what is included in the extra hepatic biliary apparatus
- common hepatic duct - gallbladder - cystic duct - common bile duct
79
how does cystic duct drain into 2nd part of duodenum
cystic duct -> common bile duct + main pancreatic duct -> 2nd part of duodenum
80
what happens gallstone is dislodged at the where the common bile duct and pancreatic duct joins
pancreas secreting digestive enzyme unable to drain into duodenum, starts to digest its own part, causing pancreas damage = pancreatitis
81
location of spleen
mid axillary line - between 8 and 10 ribs
82
what structures are in the splenic hilum
- splenic vein - splenic artery
83
what are the 2 ligaments attached to the spleen
- gastrosplenic ligament - splenorenal ligament
84
what is the function of the spleen
- filter blood (remove RBC) = disintegrate and take the haemoglobin for new RBC synthesis - store 1/3 of platelets
85
what are the parts of the pancreas
uncinate process head neck body tail
86
what are the branches of abdominal aorta
left and right common iliac artery
87
what does common iliac artery branch into
internal and external iliac artery
88
blood supply of the GIT
arterial supply foregut: esophagus to middle of duodenum = coeliac trunk midgut: middle of duodenum to right 2/3 of transverse colon = superior mesenteric artery hindgut: left 1/3 of transverse colon to rectum = inferior mesenteric artery venous drainage foregut: drains into portal vein midgut: drains into superior mesenteric vein hindgut: drains into inferior mesenteric vein -> splenic vein splenic vein + superior mesenteric vein -> portal vein
89
vertebral level of the kidneys
T12-L3
90
blood supply of urinary system
supplied by renal artery - L1 to L2 drains into renal vein
91
constrictions of the ureters
1. ureteropelvic junction (just inferior to the kidney) 2. common iliac vessel at the pelvic brim 3. wall of the bladder
92
what are the 2 pouches present in the pelvis for females
1. uterovesical pouch 2. rectouterine pouch / pouch of douglas / Cul de Sac
93
what is the pouch present in the pelvis in males
rectovesicle pouch
94
what does the peritoneum in pelvis cover for females
abdo wall -> superior surface of bladder -> 1/2 anterior surface of uterus -> superior surface of uterus -> upper 2/3 of rectum -> posterior abdo wall
95
do male or female have wider hip bone
female
96
pelvic organs in female
ovaries fallopian tubes uterus vaginal canal vulva
97
boundary of the thoracic inlet
superior margin of the manubrium superior margins of the 1st rib T1 costovertebral junctions
98
venous drainage of the thoracic wall
azygos vein drains right side hemizygos and accessory hemiazygos veins drain posterior and lateral parts of left thoracic wall -> azygos vein at T8-T9 -> SVC
99
ligament that gives the duodenum its C shaped loop
Ligament of Treitz
100
location of the seminal vesicle in male pelvic cavity
"bow tie" shaped, soft tissue structure in the groove between bladder base and prostate
101
celiac trunk branches into
common hepatic artery left gastric artery splenic artery

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