Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

ANAT 316 > thorax/heart + lungs > Flashcards

thorax/heart + lungs Flashcards

1
Q

body cavities

A

thoracic cavity
- subdivided into right and left pleural cavities
- mediastinum
- pericardial cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

pleural cavities

A

left and right which surround the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

mediastinum

A

central compartment of the thoracic cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

pericardial cavity

A

surrounds the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

boundaries of the thoracic cavity

A

bounded anteriorly and posteriorly by thoracic cage
- ribs
- sternum
- thoracic spine
- muscles

bounded inferiorly by diaphragm
- dome-shaped muscle that is inferior the heart and lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

location of the heart

A

In the middle mediastinum, within the pericardial cavity
- directly posterior to the sternum
- between the lungs
- superior to the diaphragm
apex: points anteroinferiorly, and to the left
base: posterior and superior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

functions of heart

A

4 chambered organ
- heart pumps blood throughout the body within a network of blood vessels
- chambers contract to pump blood
(flow is controlled by valves)
- blood is driven through two circuits:
pulmonary & systemic circuits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

pulmonary circulation

A
  • pumps deoxygenated (right side) from the heart to the lungs to become oxygenated
  • pumps oxygenated blood (left side) from the lungs back to the heart
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

systemic circulation

A
  • pumps oxygenated (left side) blood from the heart to the rest of the body
  • returns deoxygenated (right side) blood back to the heart
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

pericardium

A

layered, fluid-filled sac that surrounds the heart
formed by the:
- outer fibrous pericardium
- inner serous pericardium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

fibrous pericardium

A
  • outer dense CT layer that surrounds the heart and the roots of the great vessels
  • based of it is fused with the central tendon of the diaphragm
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

the central tendon

A

aponeurosis or flattened tendinous thickening of the diaphragm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

functions of the fibrous pericardium

A
  • anchors the heart in place
  • provides protection
  • prevents overextension of the heart
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

serous pericardium

A

the inner serous pericardium is formed by 2 layers
1. parietal pericardium- fused with the fibrous pericardium
2. visceral pericardium- adhered to the surface of the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

pericardial cavity: potential space

A

adjacent structures are normally pressed together
- opposing layers of the visceral and parietal pericardium are in close contact

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

pericardial cavity/space

A

space between the visceral and parietal pericardium layers
- contains small amount of pericardial fluid
(acts as a lubricant, reducing friction between the opposing surfaces of the heart and the pericardium)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

about the chambers of the heart

A

2 atria
- each atrium has a auricle
- form the base of heart (posteriorly)

2 ventricles
- form the apex of the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

septa

A

chambers of the heart are separated by septa
- interatrial septum
(separates the right and left atria)
- interventricular septum
(separates the right and left ventricles)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

external features of the heart

A
  • atrioventricular groove
  • anterior interventricular groove
  • posterior interventricular groove
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

external features of the heart: great vessels

A
  • superior vena cava (SVC)
  • inferior vena cava (IVC)
  • pulmonary trunk
  • pulmonary arteries
  • pulmonary veins
  • aorta
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

coronary circulation: arterial supply (anterior)

A

a) right coronary artery (In atrioventricular groove)
b) left coronary artery
c) left anterior descending artery ( in anterior interventricular groove)
d) circumflex artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

coronary circulation: arterial supply (posterior)

A

a) right coronary artery
b) circumflex artery
c) posterior descending artery (in posterior interventricular groove)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

coronary circulation: venous drainage (anterior)

A

a) great cardiac vein
b) small cardiac vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

coronary circulation: venous drainage (posterior)

A

a) small cardiac vein
b) middle cardiac vein
c) coronary sinus
- veins of the coronary circulation empty into the coronary sinus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

superior and inferior vena cava

A

large veins that drain deoxygenated blood from the body into the right atrium of the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

where does the coronary sinus drain into?

A

the right atrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

inferior vena cava

A

drains lower limbs, pelvis, abdominal viscera

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

superior vena cava

A

drains thorax, head, neck, upper limbs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

right atrium

A
  • pectinate muscles
  • fossa ovalis: depression on the interatrial septum, embryological remnant of the foramen ovale
  • SVC
  • IVC
  • coronary sinus
  • tricuspid valve
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

fossa ovalis

A

foramen ovale functions during fetal development to allow blood to bypass the fetal lungs
- foramen ovale becomes the fossa ovalis after birth when the foramen closes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

tricuspid valve

A
  • one-way valve between the right atrium and the right vent.
  • 3 cusps
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

right ventricle

A
  • chordae tendinae: attach to valve cusps
  • papillary muscles: anchor the chordae tendinae
  • trabeculae carnea
    (things features prevent prolapse of the valve during contraction of the ventricle)
  • tricuspid valve
  • pulmonary valve
  • pulmonary trunk
  • pulmonary arteries (2)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

pulmonary arteries

A

carry deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs
(to become oxygenated)

30
Q

pulmonary veins

A

once blood has become oxygenated, it enters the pulmonary veins
- carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium

31
Q

left atrium

A
  • pectinate muscles
  • pulmonary veins
  • bicuspid/mitral valve
32
Q

left ventricle

A
  • chordae tendinea
  • papillary muscles
  • trabeculae carinae
  • aorta
  • bicuspid (mitral) valve
  • aortic valve
33
Q

aorta

A

large artery that carries oxygenated blood from the heart (left vent) to the body

34
Q

arch of the aorta

A

branches supply head, neck, upper limbs
1. brachiocephalic trunk
2. left common carotid a.
3. left subscalvican a.

35
Q

descending aorta

A

supplies blood to the thorax, abdomen, lower limbs

36
Q

blood flow of the heart (the beginning with deoxygenated blood)

A
  1. deoxygenated blood from the body to the SVC or IVC
  2. enters right atrium
  3. tricuspid valve
  4. right ventricle
  5. pulmonary valve
  6. pulmonary trunk
  7. pulmonary arteries
  8. deoxygenated blood to the lungs
37
Q

blood flow of the heart (oxygenated blood)

A
  1. oxygenated blood from lungs enter pulmonary veins
  2. left artium
  3. bicuspid valve
  4. left ventricle
  5. aortic valve
  6. arch of the aorta
  7. oxygenated blood to head, neck and upper limbs
  8. oxygenated blood to the thorax, abdomen and lower limbs (by descending aorta)
38
Q

why is the wall thickness of the left ventricle larger

A

because the left needs to pump for the rest of the body so it needs more muscle

39
Q

thoracic cavity: arterial supply

A

posterior thoracic wall:
- aorta continues as the descending thoracic aorta
- gives off the posterior intercostal arteries
(supply the posterior thoracic wall)

anterior thoracic wall:
- subclavian arteries give off the internal thoracic artery
- anterior intercostal arteries

40
Q

thoracic cavity: venous drainage

A
  • anterior and posterior intercostal veins drain into:
  • azygous vein (right side)
  • hemi-azygous and accessory hemiazygos veins (left side) then to azygous
41
Q

innervation of thorcic cavity

A

intercostal nerves
- formed by the ventral rami of thoracic spinal nerves
- motor: innervate intercostal muscles
- sensory: innervate the overlying skin

42
Q

mediastinum

A

central compartment of the thoracic cavity
- contains thoracic viscera outside of the lungs
- bordered laterally by the lungs and plural cavities

43
Q

mediastinum borders

A
  • bordered anteriorly by the sternum
  • bordered inferiorly by the diaphragm
  • bordered posteriorly by the thoracic vertebral column
44
Q

divisions of the mediastinum

A

superior mediastinum
inferior mediastinum:
- anterior mediastinum
- middle mediastinum
- posterior mediastinum

45
Q

superior mediastinum

A
  • viscera: superior portions of the esophagus, trachea
  • vessels: arch of the aorta and branches; SVC & brachiocephalic veins
46
Q

anterior mediastinum

A

part of the inferior mediastinum
- between the sternum and heart
- contains the thymus gland

47
Q

middle mediastinum

A

part of the inferior mediastinum
- contains the heart and roots of the great vessels

48
Q

posterior mediastinum

A

part of the inferior mediastinum
- between the heart (pericardium) and vertebral column
- contains the thoracic aorta, inf. esophagus, azygous system

49
Q

thymus gland

A
  • lymphoid organ
  • important site of white blood cell (T-cell) maturation
  • hormone production
50
Q

apertures of the diaphragm

A

IVC
esophagus
aorta

51
Q

conducting portion

A

passage of air
1. nasal cavity
2. pharynx
3. larynx
4. trachea
5. primary bronchi
6. secondary bronchi
7.tertiary bronchi
8. bronchioles
9. terminal bronchioles

52
Q

primary bronchi

A

c-shaped rings, trachealis muscle posteriorly
- bifurcates at the carina
- R. primary bronchus
- L. primary bronchus

53
Q

secondary/lobar bronchi

A

3 lobar bronchi (right side)
2 lobar bronchi (left side)

54
Q

tertiary/segmental bronchi

A
  • 9-10 in each lung
  • each supplies a bronchopulmonary segment
55
Q

anatomy of lung

A

2 apex (for left and right)
2 bases (for L. R.)
cardiac notch (L)

56
Q

anatomy of right lung

A
  • superior lobe
  • oblique fissure
  • inferior lobe
  • middle lobe
  • horizontal fissure
57
Q

anatomy of left lung

A
  • superior lobe
  • cardiac notch
  • inferior lobe
  • oblique fissure
58
Q

lung hilum

A
  • pulmonary artery
  • pulmonary vein
  • bronchus
    pulmonary arteries and veins enter and exit the lungs via the respective hilum
59
Q

pleural membranes

A

parietal pleura
visceral pleura

60
Q

parietal pleura

A

covers the inner surface of the thoracic wall and extends over diaphragm and mediastinum

61
Q

visceral pleura

A

covers the outer surface of the lungs; extends into the fissures between lobes

62
Q

pleural cavity/space

A
  • potential space between the visceral and parietal pleura
  • contains a small amount of pleural fluid
63
Q

respiratory portion

A
  1. respiratory bronchioles
  2. alveolar ducts
  3. alveoli & alveolar sacs
64
Q

alveoli & alveolar sacs

A
  • each alveolar duct ends in an expanded region known as an alveolar sac
  • alveolar sacs are made up of clusters of alveoli
  • alveoli are the main sites of gas exchange
  • gives lungs their spongy appearance
65
Q

alveoli

A
  • primary sites of gas exchange:
    O2–> into bloodstream
    CO2–> out of bloodstream
  • extensive capillary network surrounds each alveolus
  • elastic fibers surround alveoli which facilitate stretch and recoil during gas exchange
66
Q

what does branches of the pulmonary arteries and veins surround?

A

the alveoli of the lungs to facilitate gas exchange

67
Q

bronchial arteries

A

carry oxygenated blood to the lungs and bronchi

68
Q

bronchial veins

A

carry deoxygenated blood from the lungs and bronchi
- drain into the azygous system

69
Q

innervate of the lungs

A
  • sympathetic: bronchodilation
  • parasympathetic: bronchoconstriction
70
Q

innervate of the diagram

A

phrenic nerve provides motor innervation

71
Q

pressure and volume

A

they are inversely related

72
Q

inspiration

A
  • as lung volume increases, pressure in the lungs decreases relative to atmospheric pressure
  • air is drawn into the lungs
73
Q

expiration

A
  • as lung volume decreases, pressure in the lungs increases relative to atmospheric pressure
  • air flows out of the lungs
74
Q

mechanism of breathing: inspiration

A
  • expansion of the chest cavity in 3 dimensions
    primary muscle: diaphragm (contracts and flattens)
  • secondary muscles: external intercostal muscles (elevate ribs)
  • decreased pressure pull air into the lungs
75
Q

mechanism of breathing: expiration

A

primary: diaphragm relaxes, structures return to pre-inspiratory positions
secondary: internal intercostal muscles depress ribs
- elastic recoil of alveoli
- decreases thoracic and lung volume
- increased pressure expels air from the lungs

76
Q

gas exchange & respiratory membrane

A

exchange of O2 and CO2 between the lungs and the blood takes place by diffusion across the alveolar and capillary walls
- O2 and Co2 move between alveolar air and blood via down a diffusion gradient

77
Q

when does O2 flow

A

enters the respiratory portion (inspiration)
- O2 diffuses from the alveolus across the respiratory membrane into the capillary, where it can bind to RBCs and transported around the body

78
Q

when does CO2 flow

A

CO2 diffuses across the respiratory membrane into the alveolus
- CO2 is expelled via expiration

ANAT 316 (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions