Thorax I

Question 1

how to tell if dog is on Inspiration vs expiration

Answer 1

• inspiration: diaphragm is about T12/T13; caudal displacement of cupola
• expiration: diaphragm is about T11; harder to see pulmonary vasculature

Question 2

right lateral characteristics

Answer 2

• heart: egg shaped apex
• parallel crura
• cranial lobar vessels cross over each other at heart base

Question 3

left lateral characteristics

Answer 3

• heart is more rounded
• can see caudal vena cava inserting into right diaphragm
• cranial lobar vessels are parallel

Question 4

are plural changes more common in dog or cat

Answer 4

dog

Question 5

where are pleural changes most commonly seen

Answer 5

left lateral: between right middle and right caudal lobes

Question 6

what is the “bat wing sign”?

Answer 6

• unique for cats
• right middle lung lobe collapse and fibrosis
• can see it on VD and DV views

Question 7

what is “lazy heart”?

Answer 7

• cat heart leans towards sternum

- age related

Question 8

2 anatomic variants of old cats

Answer 8

• redundant aortic arch

- enlargement of pulmonary arteries

Question 9

when do we mostly see extrapleural signs

Answer 9

-with degenerative changes of the costochondral junctions

Question 10

what is located in the cranial ventral mediastinal ?

Answer 10

• thymus
• sternal lymph nodes
• internal thoracic vessels

Question 11

what is located in the caudal ventral mediastinal ?

Answer 11

-represents leftmost extent of right accessory lung lobe but nothing is really in it

Question 12

what is located in the dorsal mediastinal ?

Answer 12

-all the things: esophagus, trachea, lymph nodes, nerves, vessels

Question 13

thoracic fat deposition looks like….?

Answer 13

• DOG: wide cranial (2x width of T2) and caudal mediastinal, can even cause fissure in R Cranial and caudal lung lobes
• CAT wide cranial mediastinal (same width of T2), if REALLY fat might cause border effacement with heart

Question 14

what do osteomas look like

Answer 14

small mineral dots everywhere

-common in shelties and collies

Question 15

what does bronchial mineralization look like

Answer 15

-dog is in inspiration and we can see bronchi way too well

Question 16

esophageal hiatus abnormalities

Answer 16

• looks like a bulge where esophagus inserts into diaphragm
• can be two things
  1) fluid in caudal esophagus
  2) hiatal hernia

Question 17

redundant dorsal tracheal membrane

Answer 17

trachealis m. moves into tracheal lumen creating a soft tissue opacity on cervical trachea

Question 18

how to tell if we have a pneumoperitoneum ?

Answer 18

can see outline of diaphragm with its caudal margin

Question 19

fissure line tips

Answer 19

• thick lateral and thin medial (vasculature is the opposite)
• if they have soft tissue opacity = effusion
• if they have air opacity = pneumothorax

Question 20

fissure line locations

Answer 20

• right cranial vs middle : 5/6th intercostal space
• right middle vs caudal : 7/8th intercostal
• left cranial vs caudal : 6/7th inters=costal