Thyroid

Question 1

The thyroid is part of the

Answer 1

endocrine system

Question 2

The thyroid maintains what 3 things

Answer 2

metabolism, growth, and development

Question 3

Produces, stores, and secretes what hormones

Answer 3

Triiodothyroinine (T3)
Thyroxine (T4)
Calcitonin

Question 4

Thyroid is located in the ____ neck

Answer 4

anteriorinferior

Question 5

Size of thyroid and isthmus

Answer 5

Adult Thyroid Length: 4-6cm
Isthmus: 0.4-0.6cm
Child Thyroid Length: 2-3cm

Question 6

Blood is supplied by what 4 arteries

Answer 6

Two superior thyroid arteries arise from the ECA

Two inferior thyroid arteries from the thyrocervical trunk of the subclavian artery

Question 7

The mechanism for producing thyroid hormones is

Answer 7

iodine metabolism

Question 8

The thyroid traps iodine from the blood and, through chemical reactions produces what

Answer 8

T3 and T4

Question 9

When the body needs thyroid hormone , it is released into the bloodstream by the action of what

Answer 9

thyrotropin also known as thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

Question 10

TSH is produced by the

Answer 10

pituitary gland

Question 11

____ decreases the concentration of calcium in the blood

Answer 11

Calcitonin

Question 12

Hypothyroidism

Answer 12

Under secretion of the thyroid hormone

Question 13

Clinical signs and symptoms of Hypothyroidism

Answer 13

Myxedema-swelling and thickening of the skin
Weight gain
Hair loss
Increased subcutaneous tissue around the eyes
Lethargy
Intellectual and motor slowing
Cold intolerance
Constipation
Deep husky voice

Question 14

Causes of Hypothyroidism

Answer 14

Low intake of iodine (goiter) in the body
Inability of the thyroid to produce adequate amount of the thyroid hormone
A pituitary gland that does not control the thyroid production

Question 15

Over secretion of the thyroid hormone

Answer 15

Hyperthyroidism

Question 16

Clinical signs and symptoms of Hyperthyroidism

Answer 16

Weight loss
Increased appetite
High amount of nervous energy
Tremor
Excessive sweating
Heat intolerance
Palpitations
Exophthalmos (Protruding eyes)

Question 17

The most common cause of thyroid disorders worldwide

Answer 17

iodine deficiency

Question 18

Enlargement of the thyroid gland that is often visible as an anterior protrusion of the neck

Answer 18

Goiter

Question 19

Causes of Goiter

Answer 19

Graves’ disease
Thyroiditis
Neoplasm
Cyst

Question 20

Goiter Sonographic Findings

Answer 20

Enlarged, nodular and appearance may vary
Overall heterogeneous thyroid
Isoechoic to hyerechoic nodules
Thin peripheral halo as a result of perinodular blood vessels and edema
Fibrosis and calcifications may develop
Ultrasound is used to determine the location and characteristics of the masses

Question 21

Adenoma

Answer 21

Follicular adenoma is benign and characterized by complete fibrous encapsulation.

Question 22

Types of malignant tumors

Answer 22

Papillary
Follicular
Medullary
Anaplastic
Lymphoma

Question 23

Most common malignant tumor

Answer 23

Papillary carcinoma

Question 24

Papillary carcinoma ultrasound findings

Answer 24

90% hypoechoic
Microcalcification with or without shadowing
90% hypervascular

Question 25

Two types of Follicular Carcinoma

Answer 25

minimally invasive and widely invasive

Question 26

Spreads through bloodstream rather than lymphatics

Answer 26

Follicular Carcinoma

Question 27

Lymphoma ultrasound findings

Answer 27

``` Nonvascular Hypoechoic Lobulated Thyroid tissue may be heterogeneous because of associated thyroiditis Can have areas of cystic necrosis ```

Question 28

Rapid growing neck mass

Answer 28

Lymphoma

Question 29

Diffuse Thyroid Disease

Answer 29

Generally causes diffuse enlargement of the gland without palpable nodules

Question 30

Conditions that cause diffuse enlargement

Answer 30

Graves/ disease Thyroiditis Colloid or adenomatous goiter

Question 31

Types of Thyroiditis

Answer 31

Acute suppurative Subacute (de Quervain’s) Chronic lymphocytic (Hashimoto’s disease)

Question 32

Characterized by thyrotoxicosis and is the most frequent cause of hyperthyroidism

Answer 32

Grave's Disease

Question 33

Most common type of thyroiditis

Answer 33

Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis

Question 34

Hashimoto's usually occurs in

Answer 34

Young or middle age female

Question 35

Hashimoto's ultrasound findings

Answer 35

Coarse and slightly more hypoechoic | Initially homogenous enlargement occurs with nodularity then progresses to inhomogeneous enlargement.

Question 36

Parathyroid size

Answer 36

Normal size 4mm and not seen on ultrasound | Most common to have 4, but some have 3-5

Question 37

Parathyroid produces what?

Answer 37

parathyroid hormone (PTH) and monitor serum calcium feedback mechanism

Question 38

Patients with ______ are the most common referrals for parathyroid sonography.

Answer 38

unexplained hypercalcemia

Question 39

Miscellaneous Meck Masses

Answer 39

Thyroglossal Duct Cyst Brachial Cleft Cyst Abscess Lymphadenopathy

Question 40

Causes of Secondary Hyperparathyroidism

Answer 40

Renal failure Vitamin D deficiency (rickets) Malabsorption syndromes

Question 41

Secondary Hyperparathyroidism

Answer 41

Chronic hypocalcemia

Question 42

Characteristics of Primary Hyperparathyroidism

Answer 42

Increase in function Women two to three times more likely than men Particularly common after menopause Characterized by- hypercalcemia, hypercalcuiria and low serum levels of phosphate (hypophosphatasia) Most are asymptomatic at time of diagnosis

Question 43

Primary Hyperplasia

Answer 43

10% of primary hyperparathyroidism cases Hyperfunction of all parathyroid glands with no apparent cause Rarely > 1cm Hyperplasia may or may not involve all glands

Question 44

Adenoma

Answer 44

Most common cause of primary hyperparathyroidism 80% cases Most common shape is oval, hypoechoic Benign usually < 3cm