Thyroid Gland Flashcards by Chioma Obi

Thyroid gland is an endocrine gland. True or false

True

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Thyroid gland develops from where

Foramen cecum (of Morgagni)

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Describe the anatomy of the thyroid gland

Thyroid gland is located in front of the neck. It consists of 2 lobes(left and right) in front of the second , third and fourth or 5th tracheal rings united by the isthmus

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What muscles cover the thyroid gland on the lateral sides of the pharynx and larynx

Sternothroid and sternohyoid muscles

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Functions of thyroid gland

Regulates nasal metabolic rate
Important in calcium metabolism
Stimulate psychic growth

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The isthmus extents from what trachea ring to what tracheal ring

2nd to 3rd

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The lower pole of the thyroid gland can extend up to what tracheal ring

6th

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Which gender has larger thyroid gland

Females

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Average weight of the gland

25g

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The upper pole of the thyroid gland cannot normally rise above the level of the oblique line of the thyroid cartilage. True or false

True

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What is the dimension of the thyroid gland

5 X 2.5 X 2.5 cm

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Components are the components of thyroid gland

2 lobes (left and right)
Isthmus
Pyramidal lobe

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Functions of thyroid gland

-They help in the overall growth, development, and differentiation of all the body cells.
-They regulate the basal metabolic rate (BMR).
-They play an essential role in calcium metabolism
-They help in the overall development and function of CNS in children.
-They stimulate somatic and psychic growth.
-They stimulate heart rate and contraction.
-They help in the deposition of calcium and phosphate in bone and make the bones strong.
-They decrease the level of calcium in the blood.
-They regulate carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism.
-They also help in the metabolism of vitamins.
-They control the body temperature.
-They help degrade cholesterol and triglycerides.
-They maintain the electrolyte balance.
-They support the process of RBC formation.
-They enhance mitochondrial metabolism.
-They increase the oxygen consumptions by the cells and tissues.
-They influence the mood and behavior of a person.
-They stimulate gut motility.
-They also enhance the sensitivity of the beta-adrenergic receptors to catecholamines.

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Dimensions of the isthmus

1.2 X 1.2cm

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Why does the thyroid gland increase during menstruation and pregnancy

Check WhatsApp group

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What are the 2 capsules of the thyroid gland

True (deeper capsule): peripheral condensation of CT of the gland
False capsule: formed from the pretracheal layer of the deep cervical fascia

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The false capsule is —— along the posterior border of the lobes and ——- in the inner surface of the lobe

Thin
Thick

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What ligament does the false capsule form and what’s the function of the ligament

Suspensory ligament of Berry
It connects the thyroid lobe to the cricoid cartilage

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Shape of the thyroid lobes

Conical
It has a base, an apex and 3 surfaces

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What are the 3 surfaces of the thyroid gland

Anterolateral
Posterolateral
Medial

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Relation of the anterolateral border of the thyroid gland

-Strap muscles
> Sternohyoid
> sternothyroid
> superior belly of omohyoid muscles
- SCM muscle

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Relation of the posterolateral border of the thyroid gland

Carotid sheath

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Relation of the medial border of the thyroid gland

Law of twos
2 tubes
- trachea in front
- oesophagus behind

2 muscles
- inferior constrictor
- cricothyroid

2 nerves
- external laryngeal
- recurrent laryngeal

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Diagram of the thyroid gland and it’s relations

Check note and google
You must know this wella

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The apex of the thyroid gland is limited superiorly by

The attachment of the sternothyroid muscles to the oblique line of thyroid cartilage

How many border and surface does the isthmus have? name them;

2 borders > superior > inferior 2 surfaces > anterior > posterior

Relation of the anterior border of the isthmus

- Right and left sternohyoid and sternothyroid muscle - the anterior jugular veins and fascia

Relation of the posterior border of the isthmus

2nd and 3rd tracheal rings

What is the arterial supply of the thyroid gland

> Superior thyroid artery (1st branch of the external carotid artery). Supplies upper part of the lateral lobes of the thyroid gland and the isthmus > Inferior thyroid artery (from thyrocervical trunk). Supplies the lower part of the lobe. > Thyroidea ima artery (only present in about 10% of the population). It’s a single artery i.e it’s not paired

Why nerve closely is related to the superior thyroid artery?

External laryngeal nerve

Why nerve is related to the inferior thyroidal artery?

Recurrent laryngeal nerve

Course of superior thyroid artery

Check that 55 pages slide (it’s on page 21-22. You should know this by heart)

Course of inferior thyroid artery

Check that 55 pages slide (it’s on page 22-25. You should know this by heart )

Venous drainage of the thyroid gland

Superior, middle, and inferior, a fourth thyroid vein of Kocher thyroid veins (check slide, page 26-27)

Location of thyroid vein of Kocher

May between the inferior and middle thyroid veins and drains into IJV

Inferior thyroid veins drains into where

Left brachiocephalic vein

Deficiency of iodine causes what

Goiter

The right recurrent laryngeal nerve loops around —— and the left recurrent laryngeal nerve loops behind around——

Subclavian artery (that’s why in subclavian vascular anomaly, the recurrent laryngeal nerve do not longer “REOCCUR”, instead it proceeds in a more transverse direction from the vagus nerve to the larynx). Arch of aorta

Lymph drainage of the thyroid gland

>Prelaryngeal nodes to the upper cervical lymph nodes (Upper part part of the gland) > Preteacheal and paratracheal nodes to the lower cervical lymph nodes (Upper part part of the gland)

Nerve supply of the thyroid glandn

Middle cervical ganglion (main) Superior and Inferior cervical ganglion Theses ganglions are secretomotor

What are the 2 types of secretory cells that makes up the thyroid gland

1. Follicular cells 2. Parafollicular cells

What hormones do the follicular cells secrete

Tri-iodothyronin Tetra- iodothyronin (throxin) This hormones stimulate basic metabolic rate, somatic and psychic function of an individual.

What lines the follicles of the thyroid gland

Follicular cells

Location of the parafollicular cells

Between the follicles

What is the hormone that parafollicular cells secrete and what’s the function?

Thyrocalcitonin Promote deposition of calcium salts in skeletal, muscular tissues. Tends to produce hypocalcemia. Parathormone effects are opposite of the throcalcitonin

Where does the thyroid gland develop from

The median endordermal thyroid diverticulum (check slide to learn this by heart)

Remnant of the thyroglossalnduct may form

Thyroglossal cyst or fistula

Sure that thyroid gland am an be found in (anomaly)

Lingual Suprahyoid Infrahyoid Retrohyoid Retrosternal

Hypothyroidism causes —— in infants and —— in adults

Cretinism Myxoedema

The false capsule is attached to hat structures

Hyoid bone Thyroid cartilage Cricoid cartilage

The nerves related to the superior and inferior thyroid arteries, how are they ligated?

Check page 19-23 of the 39 pages slide

Where can the thyroidae ima artery arise from

Brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid artery or directly from arch of aorta

Clinical correlation relating to thyroidea ima artery

Page 25 of the 39 pages slide

The superior thyroid veins drain into where

UJV or facial vein

Middle thyroid veins drains where

IJV

Clinical correlation of inferior thyroid vein (check)

Page 28-29 of the 39 pages slide

What type of gland is the parathyroid gland?

Endocrine gland

Location of parathyroid gland and size

Posterior to the thyroid gland between its capsule and fascial sheath. O.5cm X 0.8cm ovoids. Size of a small pea

Function of parathyroid gland

Plays important role in calcium metabolism. Secrets parathormone that mobilizes bone calcium to blood and increases the absorption of calcium from gut and kidneys

The position of superior parathyroid gland is more constant than that of the inferior, true or false

True

Blood supply of the parathyroid gland

Superior and inferior thyroid arteries

Thyroid Gland Flashcards

(61 cards)