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chem semester 2 > thyroid gland > Flashcards

thyroid gland Flashcards

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1
Q

where is thyroid found

A

front of trachea
-largest gland in neck

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2
Q

2 thyroid glands attached by

A

isthmus

-typ asymmetrical

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3
Q

what gender is thyroid larger in

A

women

-controls more hormonal activity

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4
Q

as thyroid develops incorporate

A

C cells

-parathyroid glands attached to back of thyroid

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5
Q

major structural unit

A

thyroid follicle

-capillary’s in between follicles

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6
Q

Thyroid gland has continually ______ flow to bring nutrients that are needed into the area

A

blood

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7
Q

in order for glands to work properly need

A

iodine

-only gland in body that uses this

-get from diet

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8
Q

All follicles are surrounded by gel like material

A

colloid

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9
Q

Main component of colloid

A

thyroglobulin

-this glycoprotein made only in the thyroid and is important in function

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10
Q

Main function of follicles is to

A

take in, concentrate, and use the iodine

-we need iodine to make thyroid hormones

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11
Q

iodine + _______ = thyroid hormones

A

tyrosine

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12
Q

2 main thyroid hormones

A

T3= triiodothyronine
T4= thyroxine

-released into bloodstream where control many metabolic rxns

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13
Q

T3

A

triiodothyronine

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14
Q

T4

A

thyroxine

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15
Q

feedback loops starts in the

A

hypothalamus

-releases thyroid releasing hormone (TRH)

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16
Q

after hypothalamus kicks the

A

pituitary gland to release TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)

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17
Q

what is TSH also known as

A

thyrotropin

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18
Q

after pituitary kicks

A

thyroid gland to release T3 and T4

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19
Q

When T3 and T4 high enough go back to

A

hypothalamus to turn off

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20
Q

thyroid can store iodine for

A

2-3 months if we don’t have enough exposure to it

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21
Q

If you come in contact with radioactive iodine in some cases of cancer treatment, nuclear activity, body can store

A

radioactive iodine

-if frequent exposure can lead to thyroid cancer

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22
Q

5 steps in formation

A
  1. trap iodine
  2. organification
  3. coupling stage
  4. storage
  5. secretion
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23
Q

what is organification

A

oxidize to active form by the thyroid peroxidase enzyme

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24
Q

what does organification result in

A

production of monoiodothyronine (MIT) and diiodothyronine (DIT)

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25
thyroxin (t4) made of
coupling of 2 DIT
26
triiodothyronine made of
coupling of 1 MIT and 1 DIT
27
where thyroid hormones stored
thyroid particles
28
most abundant thyroid hormone
T4 -precursor to T3 so T4 can be made into T3
29
most metabolically active hormone
T3 -main involved in metabolic rxns
30
if too much T4 will be made inactive
into rT4 (not metabolically active)
31
When T3 and T4 released into bloodstream
only a small fraction will remain free, majority will be bound
32
biologically active form is
free form
33
3 main binding hormones
-thyroxine binding hormone (TBG) -prealbumin -albumin
34
main component of TBG
T3 and T4 are bound
35
prealbumin also called
transrethyin
36
Most T3 and T4 are bound to
proteins -so very affected by protein levels -low albumin= more circulating T3 and T4
37
when measuring we are measuring
free levels
38
most common thyroid disorder/ primary hypothyroidism
hypothyroidism -aka hashimoto's -more common in women -age 40
39
2 antibodies produced in Hashimoto's
Anti-microsomal Anti-thyroglobulin
40
anti-microsomal now called
peroxidase Abs
41
symptoms of hypothyroidism
Fatigue Weight gain Hair loss Elevated lipids, high cholesterol Rubbery goiter Cold intolerance Inappropriate increased levels of ADH Decreased levels of sodium
42
in hypothyroidism, TSH is
increased -thyroid gland is not producing T3 and T4 so pituitary gland in producing more TSH for production
43
in hypothyroidism, T3 and T4 will ne
decreased -always follow disease state
44
most doctors will start testing
TSH -not good because normal levels can be abnormal for you
45
treatment for hypothyroidism
synthetic T4 T4 is precursor for T3
46
what occurs if hypothyroidism is not treated
myxedema
47
what is myxedema
Accumulation of glycosaminoglycans and other mucopolysaccharides -thickening and swelling of the skin -affects face and legs -scarring
48
what is seen by insufficient thyroid hormone since birth
cretinism
49
creatinism is also called
Congenital hypothyroidism -born to hypothyroid mothers who are not being treated
50
features of creationism
Short, increased body weight, tongue out, mental impairment, infertile, blind and deaf
51
why is creatinism not seen in the US
every baby is tested for T4 levels at birth -if low are given T4 from birth to prevent the results
52
hyperthyroidism also called
graves -thyrotoxicosis
53
what is culprit of graves
TSH receptor antibodies
54
symptoms of graves
○ Hyper ○ Tacahydria ○ Nervous ○ Irritability ○ Heat intolerance Soft goiter
55
key feature of graves
bulging eyes -due to orbital swelling behind eyes -causes double vision, lose sight
56
thyroid storm happens because of
hyperthyroidism -seen in untreated patients
57
thyroid storm caused by
-stress, trauma to the body. and preg symptoms: high fever, extreme agitation, delirium, loss of consciousness
58
testing for thyroid starts with
thyroglobulin and microsomal antibodies -elevated in both graves and hashimoto
59
most common test to start with
TSH normal: 0.5-5
60
in hypo TSH is
elevated because gland not producing T3 and T4
61
in hyper TSH is
decreased because too much T3 and T4
62
what are you measuring when measuring total T3 and T4
both bound and free levels
63
what factors affect total T3 and T4
pregnancy and oral contraceptives -increase estrogen and leads to increase in TBG made by the liver -this means more binding -- make more T3 and T4
64
what is euthyroidism
total increase of T3 and T4 -does not affect free amount of T3 and T4
65
decreased TSH, T3, and T4
pituitary disorder
66
iodine uptake done in
nuclear medicine -look if thyroid is taking up iodine
67
in iodine uptake test, hypo has
decreased levels
68
in iodine uptake test, hyper has
increased levels
69
when doing iodine uptake test patient should not
be on meds when it is done

chem semester 2 (10 decks)

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