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ESA 4 - Head and Neck > Thyroid Gland > Flashcards

Thyroid Gland Flashcards

1
Q

What is the thyroid gland?

A

An endocrine structure

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2
Q

Where is the thyroid gland located?

A

In the anterior neck, spanning between C5 and T1 vertebrae

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3
Q

What is the thyroid gland divided into?

A

Two lobes

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4
Q

What connects the two lobes of the thyroid gland?

A

An isthmus

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5
Q

Where does the thyroid gland lie in the neck?

A
  • Behind the sternohyoid and sternothyroid muscles
  • Wraps around the criocoid cartilage and superior tracheal rings
  • Inferior to thryoid cartilage of larynx
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6
Q

What compartment of the neck is the thyroid gland in?

A

Visceral compartment

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7
Q

Other than the thyroid gland, what else is in the visceral compartment of the neck?

A
  • Traachea
  • Oesophagus
  • Pharynx
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8
Q

What is the visceral compartment of the neck bound by?

A

Pretracheal fascia

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9
Q

Where does the thyroid gland form during development?

A

In the floor of the primitive pharynx, near the base of the tongue

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10
Q

What happens to the thyroid gland during development?

A

It descends down the neck to lie in its adult anatomical position

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11
Q

What does the thyroid gland move through during developmental descent?

A

A duct called the thyroglossal duct

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12
Q

What normally happens to the thyroglossal duct?

A

It fuses and regresses in the adult

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13
Q

What may happen if the thyroglossal duct does not regress?

A
  • Continuation as pyramidal lobe
  • Persist as thryoglossal cysts
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14
Q

What portion of the thryoglossal duct continues as a pyramidal lobe?

A

Distal portion

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15
Q

In what % of individuals does the distal portion of the thyroglossal duct continue as a pyramidal lobe?

A

50%

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16
Q

Effectively, what is the pyramidal lobe?

A

An extra piece of thyroid tissue

17
Q

What are the clinical consequences of the thyroglossal duct continuing as a pyramidal lobe?

A

There are none

18
Q

How may thyroglossal cysts present?

A

As a mass in the midline of the neck, and can be excised surgically

19
Q

Why does the thyroid gland need to be highly vascularised?

A

Because it secretes hormones directly into the blood

20
Q

How is blood supply to the thyroid gland achieved?

A

Two main arteries; superior and inferior thyroid arteries

21
Q

Where does the superior thyroid artery arise from?

A

External carotid artery, it is the first branch

22
Q

What course does the superior thyroid artery take after arising?

A

Descends towards the thyroid gland

23
Q

What does the superior thyroid artery supply?

A

Superior and anterior portions of the gland

24
Q

Where does the inferior thyroid artery arise from?

A

The thyrocervical trunk

25
Q

What is the thyrocervical trunk a branch of?

A

The subclavian arter y

26
Q

What course does the inferior thyroid artery take?

A

Travels superomedially to reach the inferior pole of the thyroid

27
Q

What does the inferior thyroid artery supply?

A

The postero-inferior aspect

28
Q

What artery supplying the thyroid gland is present in some people?

A

The thyroid ima artery

29
Q

What % of people is the thyroid ima artery present in?

A

The brachiocephalic trunk of the arch of the aorta

30
Q

What does the thryroid ima artery supply?

A

The anterior surface and isthmus

31
Q

What is the venous drainage of the thyroid gland?

A
  • Superior thyroid
  • Middle thyroid
  • Inferior thyroid
32
Q

What do the superior and middle thyroid veins drain into?

A

The internal jugular veins

33
Q

Where does the inferior thyroid vein drain into?

A

The brachiocephalic vein

34
Q

What is the innervation of the thyroid gland?

A

Branches derived from the sympathetic trunk

35
Q

What regulates the release of hormones from the thyroid gland?

A

Pituitary gland

36
Q

Where do the left and right recurrent laryngeal nerves arise from?

A

Their respective vagus nerves

37
Q

What course to the recurrent laryngeal nerves take?

A

The descend into the chest, and then hook around the subclavian artery (right) or arch of aorta (left). The nerve then ascends back up the neck, running between the trachea and oesophagus. They pass under the thyroid gland to innervate the thyroid

38
Q

What is the clinical relevance of the close proximity between the thyroid gland and recurrent laryngeal nerves?

A

During surgety on the thyroid gland, care must be taken not to ligate or damage the recurrent laryngeal nerves

ESA 4 - Head and Neck (30 decks)

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