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Endocrine > Thyroid Gland Anatomy > Flashcards

Thyroid Gland Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two sections of the neck?

A

posterior and anterior triangles

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2
Q

what is the posterior border of the posterior triangle?

A

trapezius

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3
Q

what is the anterior border of the posterior triangle?

A

posterior border of the sternocleidomastoid

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4
Q

what is significant about the sternocleidomastoid?

A

it is the border between the posterior and anterior triangles

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5
Q

how many heads does the sternocleidomastoid have?

A

2

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6
Q

what are the two heads of the sternocleidomastoid?

A

clavicular and sternal head

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7
Q

what is significant about the laryngeal prominence of the thyroid cartilage?

A

gives an idea of where the thyroid is

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8
Q

what spinal nerve supplies the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius?

A

spinal nerve 11-spinal accessory nerve

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9
Q

where does the trapezius attach inferiorly?

A

the spine of the scapula and the lateral end of the clavicle

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10
Q

where is the external jugular vein?

A

superficial fascia superficial to the sternocleidomastoid

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11
Q

what does the external jugular vein drain into?

A

subclavian vein

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12
Q

where is the anterior jugular vein?

A

superficial fascia

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13
Q

what does the anterior jugular vein drain into?

A

external jugular vein

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14
Q

where does the sternal head of the sternocleidomastoid attach?

A

manubrium of sternum

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15
Q

where does the clavicular head of the sternocleidomastoid attach?

A

medial end of clavicle

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16
Q

where do both heads of the sternocleidomastoid attach superiorly?

A

mastic process of the temporal bone

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17
Q

what is important about the facial compartments of the neck?

A

important for spread of infection

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18
Q

what is the skin important for?

A

prevents drying out

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19
Q

where is the platysma?

A

superficial fascia, immediately deep to the skin

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20
Q

what is the platysma?

A

slender muscle

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21
Q

what group of muscles do the platysma muscles belong to?

A

muscles of facial expression

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22
Q

what is the platysma innervated by?

A

cranial nerve 7-facial nerve

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23
Q

what are the 4 fascial compartments called?

A

innervating, prevertebral (deep), carotid sheaths, pretracheal

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24
Q

what does the investing fascia enclose?

A

all other neck fascia and the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid

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25
Q

what does the prevertebral (deep) fascial compartment enclose?

A

postural neck muscles and cervical vertebrae

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26
Q

where is the prevertebral compartment located?

A

posteriorly

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27
Q

what does the carotid sheath enclose?

A

common carotid artery, internal jugular vein, deep cervical lymph nodes and vagus nerve

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28
Q

where are the carotid sheaths located?

A

anterolaterally in the neck, posterolaterally too the thyroid

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29
Q

what does every neuromuscular bundle contain?

A

lymph nodes

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30
Q

what does the pretracheal fascia enclose?

A

oesophagus, trachea, thyroid, strap muscles, recurrent laryngeal nerves

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31
Q

what does the thyroid wrap around?

A

anterior part of trachea

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32
Q

where is the pretracheal fascia located?

A

anteriorly

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33
Q

where is the retropharyngeal space located?

A

between pretracheal and prevertebral fascial compartments

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34
Q

what is significant about the retropharyngeal space?

A

it runs right down to the mediastinum so infection can easily spread

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35
Q

where do the carotid sheaths attach superiorly?

A

base of skull around the jugular foramen and entrance to carotid canal

36
Q

what are the four strap muscles called?

A

sternohyoid, omohyoid, sternothyroid and thyrohyoid

37
Q

what is the most superficial strap muscle?

A

sternohyoid

38
Q

what does omo mean

A

shoulder

39
Q

where does the inferior belly of the omohyoid attach?

A

scapula

40
Q

what is the fascial sling?

A

attaches the intermediate tendon of the omohyoid to clavicle

41
Q

where does the thyroid gland begin development?

A

a midline epithelial proliferation at junction between anterior 2/3 and posterior 1/3 of tongue

42
Q

where does the thyroid gland then migrate?

A

inferiorly whilst remaining attached to tongue via thyroglossal duct

43
Q

when does the gland reach its final position in relation to the larynx/trachea?

A

7th week

44
Q

how many lobes does the thyroid consist of?

A

2 (left and right)

45
Q

what connects he two lobes.?

A

isthmus

46
Q

where does the isthmus lie anatomically?

A

anterior to 2nd and 3rd cartilage

47
Q

wha happens with a goitre during swallowing?

A

moves superiorly then inferiorly with larynx

48
Q

how many parathyroid glands are there?

A

4

49
Q

where are parathyroid glands located?

A

posterior surface of thyroid gland, lateral lobes, often embedded in the thyroid

50
Q

how likely is a pyramidal lobe?

A

28-55%

51
Q

what is the pyramidal lobe?

A

remnant of the thyroglossal duct

often just a band of fibrous tissue, can be ligamentous or can have ectopic thyroid remnants too

52
Q

where do most pyramidal lobes attach?

A

superiorly to thyroid cartilage

53
Q

how many arteries supply the thyroid?

A

2

54
Q

what are the arteries supplying the thyroid?

A

superior and inferior thyroid arteries

55
Q

where does the superior thyroid artery come from?

A

1st branch of the external carotid artery

56
Q

where does the inferior thyroid artery come from?

A

continuation of thyrocervical trunk which is a branch of the subclavian artery

57
Q

where does the subclavian artery come from?

A

brachiocephalic

58
Q

what else does the brachiocephalic give rise to?

A

common carotid

59
Q

where do the inferior thyroid artery supply?

A

lower lobes

60
Q

what is a third artery that can supply the thyroid?

A

variable, thyroidialema

61
Q

where does the thyroidialema come from?

A

brachiocephalic trunk o can come right from arch of aorta

62
Q

how many thyroid veins are there?

A

three

superior, middle and inferior

63
Q

where does the superior thyroid vein drain into?

A

internal jugular vein

64
Q

where does the inferior vein drain into?

A

brachiocephalic veins

65
Q

what is significant about the brachiocephalic veins?

A

because the left is much longer usually left and right inferior thyroid veins drain into the left brachiocephalic

66
Q

where is lymph returned via and to on the left side?

A

thoracic duct to left venous angle

67
Q

where is lymph returned via and to on the right side?

A

right lymphatic duct to right venous angle

68
Q

where does the vagus nerve emerge from?

A

medulla oblongata

69
Q

where does the vagus never exit the cranium via?

A

jugular foramen

70
Q

where does the vagus never emerge in?

A

carotid sheaths

71
Q

what does vagus mean?

A

vague and wandering

72
Q

where does the vagus nerve from the oesophageal plexus?

A

posterior to lung hilum and around oesophagus

73
Q

where do the vagus nerves pass through the diaphragm?

A

with oesophagus in oesophagus hiatus

74
Q

where do the right subclavian artery and arch of aorta both originate from embryonically?

A

4th aortic arch artery

75
Q

where does the left vagus nerve link under to become left recurrent laryngeal nerve?

A

arch of aorta

76
Q

where does the right vagus nerve link under to become the right recurrent laryngeal nerve?

A

right subclavian artery

77
Q

where do the recurrent laryngeal nerves go back to?

A

larynx

78
Q

where is the classic thyroidectomy incision?

A

collar incision made in natural skin creases in direction of Langer lines
superior to clavicles and jugular notch
made through skint to platysma

79
Q

what can the strap muscles also be called?

A

infrahyoid muscles (because they are inferior to hyoid bone

80
Q

where do the recurrent laryngeal nerves ascend in?

A

groove beween trachea anteriorly and oesophagus posteriorly

on the right in particular it is also very close to the inferior thyroid arteries

81
Q

what is the risk with ligating inferior thyroid veins?

A

can damage the recurrently laryngeal nerves

82
Q

how can the risk of damaging the recurrent laryngeal nerves be avoided?

A

ligate more laterally

83
Q

why mobilise the thyroid anteriorly?

A

to dissect parathyroid glands and their blood supply free from posterior surface of thyroid gland

84
Q

what does the right recurrent laryngeal nerve do?

A

provides somatic motor supply to most skeletal muscles that move right vocal cord (intrinsic muscles of larynx)

85
Q

what can damage of the recurrent laryngeal nerve result in?

A

paralysis of vocal cord

86
Q

what does unilateral injury of the recurrent laryngeal nerve cause?

A

hoarseness or weakness of voice and a weak cough

87
Q

what does a bilateral injury of the recurrent laryngeal nerve cause?

A

aphonia (inability to produce sound) and the inability to close the rima glottidis (opening between vocal cords) to prevent aspiration, produce a good cough as this requires closure of the rima glottidis

Endocrine (7 decks)

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