THYROID & PARATHYROID WB W/ IMAGES

Question 1

benign thyroid neoplasm characterized by complete fibrous encapsulation

Answer 1

adenoma

Question 2

rare, undifferentiated carcinoma occurring in middle age

Answer 2

anaplastic carcinoma

Question 3

remnant of embryonic development that appears as a cyst in the neck

Answer 3

branchial cleft cyst

Question 4

a thyroid hormone that is important for maintaining a dense, strong bone matrix and regulating the blood calcium level

Answer 4

calcitonin

Question 5

refers to a normal functioning thyroid gland

Answer 5

euthyroid

Question 6

use of a fine-gauge needle to obtain cells from a mass

Answer 6

fine-needle aspiration

Question 7

occurs as a solitary malignant mass within the thyroid gland

Answer 7

follicular carcinoma

Question 8

enlargement of the thyroid gland that can be focal or diffuse; multiple nodules may be present

Answer 8

goiter

Question 9

autoimmune disorder characterized by a diffuse toxic goiter, exophthalmos (bulging eyes), and cutaneous manifestations

Answer 9

Graves’ disease

Question 10

chronic inflammation of the thyroid gland caused by the formation of antibodies against normal thyroid tissue

Answer 10

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

Question 11

disorder associated with elevated serum calcium level, usually caused by a benign parathyroid adenoma

Answer 11

hyperparathyroidism

Question 12

oversecretion of thyroid hormones

Answer 12

hyperthyroidism

Question 13

low phosphatase level, which can be seen with hyperparathyroidism

Answer 13

hypophosphatasia

Question 14

undersecretion of thyroid hormones

Answer 14

hypothyroidism

Question 15

small piece of thyroid tissue that connects the right and left lobes of the gland

Answer 15

isthmus

Question 16

wedge-shaped muscle posterior to the thyroid lobes

Answer 16

longus colli muscle

Question 17

disorder characterized by localized or generalized enlargement of the lymph nodes or lymph vessels

Answer 17

lymphadenopathy

Question 18

neoplastic growth that accounts for 10% of thyroid malignancies

Answer 18

medullary carcinoma

Question 19

tiny echogenic foci within a nodule that may or may not shadow

Answer 19

microcalcifications

Question 20

nodular enlargement of the thyroid associated with hyperthyroidism

Answer 20

multinodular goiter

Question 21

degenerative nodules within the thyroid

Answer 21

nodular hyperplasia

Question 22

most common form of thyroid malignancy

Answer 22

papillary carcinoma

Question 23

a hormone that is secreted by the parathyroid glands, which regulate serum calcium levels

Answer 23

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Question 24

enlargement of multiple parathyroid glands

Answer 24

parathyroid hyperplasia

Question 25

oversecretion of parathyroid hormone, usually from a parathyroid adenoma

Answer 25

primary hyperparathyroidism

Question 26

present in a small percentage of patients; extends superiorly from the isthmus

Answer 26

pyramidal lobe

Question 27

enlargement of parathyroid glands in patients with renal failure or vitamin D deficiency

Answer 27

secondary hyperparathyroidism

Question 28

laboratory value that is elevated with hyperparathyroidism

Answer 28

serum calcium

Question 29

large muscles anterolateral to the thyroid

Answer 29

sternocleidomastoid muscles

Question 30

group of three muscles (sternothyroid, sternohyoid, and omohyoid) that lie anterior to the thyroid

Answer 30

strap muscles

Question 31

viral infection of the thyroid that causes inflammation

Answer 31

subacute (de Quervain’s) thyroiditis

Question 32

congenital anomalies that present in midline of the neck anterior to the trachea

Answer 32

thyroglossal duct cysts

Question 33

inflammation of the thyroid

Answer 33

thyroiditis

Question 34

a hormone secreted by the pituitary gland that stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete thyroxine and triiodothyronine

Answer 34

thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

Question 35

The thyroid straddles the trachea anteriorly, whereas the paired lobes extend on either side bounded laterally by the __________ arteries and __________ veins.

Answer 35

carotid, jugular

Question 36

Along the anterior surface of the thyroid gland lie the __________ muscles, including the sternothyroid, omohyoid, sternohyoid, and the sternocleidomastoid muscles.

Answer 36

strap

Question 37

The parathyroid glands are normally located on the __________ surface of the thyroid gland.

Answer 37

posterior medial

Question 38

The parathyroid glands are the ___________ organs in the body.

Answer 38

calcium-sensing

Question 39

The parathyroid glands produce __________ and monitor the serum calcium feedback mechanism.

Answer 39

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Question 40

When the serum calcium level \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, the parathyroid glands are stimulated to release PTH.

Answer 40

decreases

Question 41

PTH acts on \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, and intestine to enhance calcium absorption.

Answer 41

bone, kidney

Question 42

Primary hyperparathyroidism is characterized by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, hypercalciuria, and low serum levels of phosphate.

Answer 42

hypercalcemia

Question 43

Primary hyperparathyroidism occurs when increased amounts of PTH are produced by a(n) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, primary hyperplasia, or, rarely, carcinoma located in the parathyroid gland.

Answer 43

adenoma

Question 44

A chronic hypocalcemia caused by renal failure, vitamin D deficiency (rickets), or malabsorption syndromes is __________ hyperparathyroidism.

Answer 44

secondary

Question 45

The thyroid gland is the part of the endocrine system that maintains body \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, and ___________ through the synthesis, storage, and secretion of thyroid hormones.

Answer 45

metabolism, growth, and development

Question 46

These hormones include triiodothyronine (\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_), thyroxine (\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_), and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 46

T3, T4, and calcitonin

Question 47

The mechanism for producing thyroid hormones is __________ metabolism.

Answer 47

iodine

Question 48

When the body needs thyroid hormone, it is released into the bloodstream by the action of thyrotropin, or thyroid-stimulating hormone (\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_), which is produced by the pituitary gland.

Answer 48

TSH

Question 49

The secretion of TSH is regulated by thyrotropin-releasing factor, which is produced by the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 49

hypothalamus

Question 50

The concentration of calcium in the blood is decreased by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, which first acts on the bone to inhibit its breakdown.

Answer 50

calcitonin

Question 51

Low intake of iodine (goiter) in the body may cause either \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, or the inability of the thyroid to produce the proper amount of thyroid hormone, or a problem in the pituitary gland that does not control the thyroid production.

Answer 51

hypothyroidism

Question 52

How the thyroid is functioning is evaluated by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 52

nuclear medicine

Question 53

An enlargement of the thyroid gland is a(n) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, which is often visible on the anterior neck.

Answer 53

goiter

Question 54

One of the most common forms of thyroid disease is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 54

multinodular goiter

Question 55

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is characterized by these findings: hypermetabolism, diffuse toxic goiter, exophthalmos (inflammatory infiltration of the orbital tissue resulting in proptosis, or bulging of the eyes), and cutaneous manifestations (thickening of the dermis of the pretibial areas and the dorsum of the feet).

Answer 55

Graves' disease

Question 56

A benign thyroid neoplasm characterized by complete fibrous encapsulation is a(n) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 56

adenoma

Question 57

The most common of the thyroid malignancies is __________ of the thyroid and is the preponderant cause of thyroid cancer in children.

Answer 57

papillary cancer

Question 58

The normal thyroid gland has a fine __________ echotexture that is more echogenic that the surrounding muscle structure.

Answer 58

homogeneous

Question 59

A normal lymph node is oval in shape with a(n) __________ texture with a central core echo complex.

Answer 59

homogeneous

Question 60

The ___________ muscle is posterior and lateral to each thyroid lobe and appears as a hypoechoic triangular structure adjacent to the cervical vertebrae.

Answer 60

longus colli

Question 61

The metabolic rate is dramatically increased \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_; clinical signs include weight loss, increased appetite, high degree of nervous energy, tremor, excessive sweating, heat intolerance, and palpitations, and many patients show signs of exophthalmos (protruding eyes).

Answer 61

hyperthyroidism

Question 62

IMAGE

Answer 62

Question 63

\*IMAGE a 44 year old frmale presented w/ a palpable mass in her neck. Id the sonographic findings?

Answer 63

**a solid mass** of the thyroid which proved to be **papillary carcinoma** w/ biopsy **(note the microcalcifications)**

Question 64

IMAGE an asymptomatic female patient appeared w/ a mass in her neck. Id the sonographic findings.

Answer 64

a well defined Adenoma w/ a cystic component w/ a hypoechoic halo is seen on the right lobe

Question 65

Image a young woman presented w/ a palpable amss in her neck. describe the sonographic findings.

Answer 65

**multinodular goiter** is seen as an _inhomogeneous enlarged tissue mass w/in the thyroid gland._ **_C_**olor Doppler shows increased vascularity

Question 66

image Id the structure measured by the cross marks

Answer 66

**isthmus** transverse view - inferior border of the thyroid

Question 67

IMAGE label # 1-6

Answer 67

1. thyroid cartilage 2. cricoid cartilage 3. pyramidal lobe\* 4. isthmus\* 5. parathyroid gland 6. trachea \*pyramidal lobe & isthmus = thyroid gland

Question 68

Image label # 7-12

Answer 68

7. inferior thyroid vein 8. common carotid artery 9. middle thyroid vein 10. internal jugular vein 11. superior thyroid vein 12. superior thyroid artery

Question 69

image label # 1-4

Answer 69

1. thyroid gland 2. \*\*sternohyoid \*\* **\*\*2, 3, 4 make up the STRAP MUSCLES\*\*** 3. \*\*omohyoid 4. \*\*sternothyroid

Question 70

image label # 5-9

Answer 70

5. sternocleidomastoid muscle 6. minor neurovascular bundle 7. esophagus 8. longus colli muscle 9. vertebral body (C5)

Question 71

image label # 10-12

Answer 71

10. inferior thyroid artery 11. common carotid artery 12. internal jugular vein

Question 72

image label # 13-15

Answer 72

13. recurrent laryngeal nerve 14. parathyroid gland 15. trachea