Time Period 2

Question 1

Hernán Cortés

Answer 1

Spanish conquistador who led the expedition that conquered the Aztec Empire in modern Mexico. (p. 207)

Question 2

Great Dying

Answer 2

Term used to describe the devastating demographic impact of European-borne epidemic diseases on the Americas; in many cases, up to 90 percent of the pre-Columbian population died. (p. 210)

Question 3

Little Ice Age

Answer 3

A period of unusually cool temperatures from the thirteenth to nineteenth centuries, most prominently in the Northern Hemisphere. (p. 210)

Question 4

General Crisis

Answer 4

The near-record cold winters experienced in much of China, Europe, and North America in the mid-seventeenth century, sparked by the Little Ice Age; extreme weather conditions led to famines, uprisings, and wars. (p. 210)

Question 5

Columbian exchange

Answer 5

The enormous network of transatlantic communication, migration, trade, and the transfer of diseases, plants, and animals that began in the period of European exploration and colonization of the Americas. (p. 212)

Question 6

mercantilism

Answer 6

The economic theory that governments served their countries’ economic interests best by encouraging exports and accumulating bullion (precious metals such as silver and gold); helped fuel European colonialism. (p. 213)

Question 7

mestizo

Answer 7

A term used to describe the multiracial population of Spanish colonial societies in the Americas. Recently, the word has been criticized for being associated with colonialism and racial stratification. (pron. mehs-TEE-zoh) (p. 215)

Question 8

mulattoes

Answer 8

A derogatory term commonly used to describe people of mixed African and European origin. (p. 219)

Question 9

settler colonies

Answer 9

Imperial territories in which Europeans settled permanently in substantial numbers. Examples include British North America, Portuguese Brazil, Spanish Mexico and Peru, Australia, New Zealand, Algeria, and South Africa. (pp. 222, 559)

Question 10

Russian Empire

Answer 10

A Christian state centered on Moscow that emerged from centuries of Mongol rule in 1480; by 1800, it had expanded into northern Asia and westward into the Baltics and Eastern Europe. (p. 223)

Question 11

yasak

Answer 11

Tribute that Russian rulers demanded from the Indigenous peoples of Siberia, most often in the form of furs. (p. 224)

Question 12

Ming dynasty

Answer 12

Chinese dynasty (1368–1644) that succeeded the Yuan dynasty of the Mongols; noted for its return to traditional Chinese ways and restoration of the land after the destructiveness of the Mongols. (pp. 145, 226)

Question 13

Qing expansion

Answer 13

The growth of Qing dynasty China during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries into a Central Asian empire that added a small but important minority of non-Chinese people to the empire’s population and essentially created the borders of contemporary China. (p. 228)

Question 14

Ottoman Empire

Answer 14

Major Islamic state centered on Anatolia that came to include the Balkans, parts of the Middle East, and much of North Africa; lasted in one form or another from the fourteenth to the early twentieth century. (pp. 84, 230)

Question 15

devshirme

Answer 15

A term that means “collection or gathering”; it refers to the Ottoman Empire’s practice of removing young boys from their Christian subjects and training them for service in the civil administration or in the elite Janissary infantry corps. (pron. devv-shirr-MEH) (p. 233)

Question 16

Safavid Empire

Answer 16

Major Turkic empire established in Persia in the early sixteenth century and notable for its efforts to convert its people to Shia Islam. (pron. SAH-fah-vid) (p. 235)

Question 17

Mughal Empire

Answer 17

A successful state founded by Muslim Turkic-speaking peoples who invaded India and provided a rare period of relative political unity (1526–1707); their rule was noted for efforts to create partnerships between Hindus and Muslims. (pron. MOO-guhl) (p. 235)

Question 18

zamindars

Answer 18

An elite class of the Mughal Empire whose members controlled large tracts of land and collected taxes on behalf of the imperial court. (p. 235)

Question 19

Akbar

Answer 19

The most famous emperor of India’s Mughal Empire (r. 1556–1605); his policies are noted for their efforts at religious tolerance and inclusion. (p. 236)

Question 20

Aurangzeb

Answer 20

Mughal emperor (r. 1658–1707) who reversed his predecessors’ policies of religious tolerance and attempted to impose Islamic supremacy. (pron. ow-rang-ZEHB) (p. 237)

Question 21

Songhay Empire

Answer 21

Major Islamic state of West Africa that formed in the second half of the fifteenth century. (pron. song-GAH-ee) (p. 237)

Question 22

Pueblo Revolt

Answer 22

A major revolt of Native American peoples against Spanish colonial rule in late-seventeenth-century New Mexico. (p. 239)

Question 23

Protestant Reformation

Answer 23

Massive schism within Christianity that had its formal beginning in 1517 with the German priest Martin Luther; the movement was radically innovative in its challenge to church authority and its endorsement of salvation by faith alone, and also came to express a variety of political, economic, and social tensions. (p. 262)

Question 24

Martin Luther

Answer 24

German priest who issued the Ninety-Five Theses and began the Protestant Reformation with his public criticism of the Catholic Church’s theology and practice. (p. 263)

Question 25

Thirty Years’ War

Answer 25

Catholic-Protestant struggle (1618–1648) that was the culmination of European religious conflict, brought to an end by the Peace of Westphalia and an agreement that each state was sovereign, authorized to control religious affairs within its own territory. (p. 266)

Question 26

Counter-Reformation

Answer 26

An internal reform of the Catholic Church in the sixteenth century stimulated in part by the Protestant Reformation; at the Council of Trent (1545–1563), Catholic leaders clarified doctrine, corrected abuses and corruption, and put a new emphasis on education and accountability. (p. 266)

Question 27

Taki Onqoy

Answer 27

Literally, “dancing sickness”; a religious revival movement in central Peru in the 1560s whose members preached the imminent destruction of Christianity and of the Europeans and the restoration of an imagined Andean golden age. (p. 272)

Question 28

Jesuits in China

Answer 28

Series of Jesuit missionaries from 1550 to 1800 who, inspired by the work of Matteo Ricci, sought to understand and become integrated into Chinese culture as part of their efforts to convert the Chinese elite, although with limited success. (p. 273)

Question 29

Wahhabi Islam

Answer 29

Major Islamic movement led by the Muslim theologian Muhammad Ibn Abd al-Wahhab (1703–1792) that advocated an austere lifestyle and strict adherence to the Islamic law; became an expansive state in central Arabia. (p. 276)

Question 30

Wang Yangming

Answer 30

Influential Ming thinker (1472–1529) who argued that anyone could achieve a virtuous life by introspection and contemplation, without the extended education and study of traditional Confucianism. (p. 277)

Question 31

The Dream of the Red Chamber

Answer 31

Book written by Cao Xueqin that explores the life of an elite family with connections to the court; it was the most famous popular novel of mid-eighteenth-century China. (p. 278)

Question 32

Mirabai

Answer 32

One of India’s most beloved bhakti poets, who transgressed the barriers of caste and tradition. (p. 279)

Question 33

Sikhism

Answer 33

Religious tradition of northern India founded by Guru Nanak (1469–1539); combines elements of Hinduism and Islam and proclaims the brotherhood of all humans and the equality of men and women. (p. 279)

Question 34

Scientific Revolution

Answer 34

The intellectual and cultural transformation that shaped a new conception of the material world between the mid-sixteenth and early eighteenth centuries in Europe; instead of relying on the authority of religion or tradition, its leading figures believed that knowledge was acquired through rational inquiry based on evidence, the product of human minds alone. (p. 280)

Question 35

Copernicus

Answer 35

Polish mathematician and astronomer who was the first to argue in 1543 for the existence of a sun-centered universe, helping to spark the Scientific Revolution. (p. 282)

Question 36

Galileo

Answer 36

An Italian scientist who developed an improved telescope in 1609, with which he made many observations that undermined established understandings of the cosmos. (pron. gal-uh-LAY-oh) (p. 283)

Question 37

Newton

Answer 37

English scientist whose formulation of the laws of motion and mechanics is regarded as the culmination of the Scientific Revolution. (p. 283)

Question 38

European Enlightenment

Answer 38

European intellectual movement of the eighteenth century that applied the principles of the Scientific Revolution to human affairs and was noted for its commitment to open-mindedness and inquiry and the belief that knowledge could transform human society. (p. 286)

Question 39

Voltaire

Answer 39

The pen name of François-Marie Arouet (1694–1778), a French writer whose work is often taken as a model of the Enlightenment’s outlook; noted for his deism and his criticism of traditional religion. (p. 286)

Question 40

Condorcet

Answer 40

The Marquis de Condorcet (1743–1794) was a French philosopher who argued that society was moving into an era of near-infinite improvability and could be perfected by human reason. (p. 288)

Question 41

kaozheng

Answer 41

Literally, “research based on evidence”; Chinese intellectual movement whose practitioners were critical of conventional Confucian philosophy and instead emphasized the importance of evidence and analysis, applied especially to historical documents. (p. 289)

Question 42

Indian Ocean commercial network

Answer 42

The massive, interconnected web of commerce in premodern times between the lands that bordered the Indian Ocean (including East Africa, India, and Southeast Asia); the network was transformed as Europeans entered it in the centuries following 1500. (p. 320)

Question 43

trading post empire

Answer 43

Form of imperial dominance based on control of trade through military power rather than on control of peoples or territories. (p. 322)

Question 44

Philippines

Answer 44

An archipelago of Pacific islands colonized by Spain in a relatively bloodless process that extended for the century or so after 1565, a process accompanied by a major effort at evangelization; the Spanish named them the Philippine Islands in honor of King Philip II of Spain. (p. 323)

Question 45

Manila

Answer 45

The capital of the colonial Philippines, which by 1600 had become a flourishing and culturally diverse city; the site of violent clashes between the Spanish and Chinese residents. (p. 324)

Question 46

British East India Company

Answer 46

Private trading company chartered by the English government around 1600, mainly focused on India; it was given a monopoly on Indian Ocean trade, including the right to make war and to rule conquered peoples. (p. 324)

Question 47

Dutch East India Company

Answer 47

Private trading company chartered by the Netherlands around 1600, mainly focused on Indonesia; it was given a monopoly on Indian Ocean trade, including the right to make war and to rule conquered peoples. (p. 324)

Question 48

silver drain

Answer 48

Term often used to describe the siphoning of money from Europe to pay for the luxury products of the East, a process exacerbated by the fact that Europe had few trade goods that were desirable in Eastern markets; eventually, the bulk of the world’s silver supply made its way to China. (p. 328)

Question 49

piece of eight

Answer 49

The standard Spanish silver coin used by merchants in North America, Europe, India, Russia, West Africa, and China. (p. 329)

Question 50

Potosí

Answer 50

City that developed high in the Andes (in present-day Bolivia) at the site of the world’s largest silver mine and that became the largest city in the Americas, with a population of some 160,000 in the 1570s. (p. 329)

Question 51

fur trade

Answer 51

A global industry in which French, British, and Dutch traders exported fur from North America to Europe, using Native American labor and with great environmental cost to the Americas. A parallel commerce in furs operated under Russian control in Siberia. (p. 331)

Question 52

soft gold

Answer 52

Nickname used in the early modern period for animal furs, highly valued for their warmth and as symbols of elite status. (p. 335)

Question 53

transatlantic slave system

Answer 53

Between 1500 and 1866, this trade in human beings took an estimated 12.5 million people from African societies, shipped them across the Atlantic in the Middle Passage, and deposited some 10.7 million of them in the Americas as enslaved people; approximately 1.8 million died during the transatlantic crossing. (p. 335)

Question 54

African diaspora

Answer 54

The global spread of African peoples via the slave trade. (p. 338)

Question 55

maroon societies / Palmares

Answer 55

Free communities of formerly enslaved people in remote regions of South America and the Caribbean; the largest such settlement was Palmares in Brazil, which housed 10,000 or more people for most of the seventeenth century. (p. 344)

Question 56

signares

Answer 56

The small number of African women who were able to exercise power and accumulate wealth through marriage to European traders. (p. 346)

Question 57

Dahomey

Answer 57

West African kingdom in which the slave trade became a major state-controlled industry. (pron. deh-HOH-mee) (p. 346)

Question 58

Benin

Answer 58

West African kingdom (in what is now Nigeria) whose strong kings for a time sharply limited engagement with the slave trade. (p. 348)

Question 59

Palmares

Answer 59

Free communities of formerly enslaved people in remote regions of South America and the Caribbean; the largest such settlement was Palmares in Brazil, which housed 10,000 or more people for most of the seventeenth century. (p. 344)