Time Period 3

Question 1

American Revolution

Answer 1

Successful rebellion against British rule conducted by the European settlers in the thirteen colonies of British North America, starting in 1775; a conservative revolution whose success preserved property rights and class distinctions but established republican government in place of monarchy. (p. 391)

Question 2

Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

Answer 2

Charter of political liberties, drawn up by the French National Assembly in 1789, that proclaimed the equal rights of all male citizens; the declaration gave expression to the essential outlook of the French Revolution and became the preamble to the French constitution completed in 1791. (p. 395)

Question 3

French Revolution

Answer 3

Massive upheaval of French society (1789–1815) that overthrew the monarchy, ended the legal privileges of the nobility, and for a time outlawed the Catholic Church. The French Revolution proceeded in stages, becoming increasingly radical and violent until the period known as the Terror in 1793–1794, after which it became more conservative, especially under Napoleon Bonaparte (r. 1799–1815). (p. 395)

Question 4

Robespierre

Answer 4

Leader of the French Revolution during the Terror; his Committee of Public Safety executed tens of thousands of enemies of the revolution until he was arrested and guillotined. (pron. ROHBS-pee-air) (p. 396)

Question 5

Napoleon Bonaparte

Answer 5

French head of state and general (r. 1799–1815); Napoleon preserved much of the French Revolution under a military dictatorship and was responsible for the spread of revolutionary ideals through his conquest of much of Europe. (p. 398)

Question 6

Haitian Revolution

Answer 6

The only fully successful slave rebellion in world history; the uprising in the French Caribbean colony of Saint Domingue (later renamed Haiti, which means “mountainous” or “rugged” in the native Taino language) was sparked by the French Revolution and led to the establishment of an independent state after a long and bloody war (1791–1804). Its first leader was Toussaint Louverture, a former enslaved person. (p. 401)

Question 7

Latin American revolutions

Answer 7

Series of risings in the Spanish and Portuguese colonies of Latin America (1808–1825) that established the independence of new states from European rule but that for the most part retained the privileges of the elites despite efforts at more radical social change by the lower classes. (p. 402)

Question 8

Hidalgo-Morelos rebellion

Answer 8

Socially radical peasant rebellion in Mexico (1810) led by the priests Miguel Hidalgo and José Morelos. (p. 403)

Question 9

Tupac Amaru

Answer 9

Leader of a Native American rebellion in Peru in the early 1780s, claiming the last Inca emperor as an ancestor. (p. 404)

Question 10

Great Jamaica Revolt

Answer 10

Slave rebellion in the British West Indies (1831–1832) in which around 60,000 enslaved people attacked several hundred plantations; inspired by the Haitian Revolution, the discontent of the enslaved population and the brutality of the British response helped sway the British public to support the abolition of slavery. (p. 406)

Question 11

abolitionist movement

Answer 11

An international movement that condemned slavery as morally repugnant and contributed much to ending slavery in the Western world during the nineteenth century; the movement was especially prominent in Britain and the United States beginning in the late eighteenth century. (p. 407)

Question 12

nationalism

Answer 12

The focusing of citizens’ loyalty on the notion that they are part of a “nation” that merits an independent political life, with a unique culture, territory, and common experience; first became a prominent element of political culture in nineteenth-century Europe and the Americas. (p. 410)

Question 13

Vindication of the Rights of Woman

Answer 13

Written in 1792 by Mary Wollstonecraft, this tract was one of the earliest expressions of feminist consciousness. (p. 413)

Question 14

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Answer 14

Leading figure of the early women’s rights movement in the United States. At the first Women’s Rights Convention in Seneca Falls, New York, in 1848, she drafted a statement paraphrasing the Declaration of Independence, stating that men and women were created equal. (p. 414)

Question 15

maternal feminism

Answer 15

Movement that claimed that women have value in society not because of an abstract notion of equality but because women have a distinctive and vital role as mothers; its exponents argued that women have the right to intervene in civil and political life because of their duty to watch over the future of their children. (p. 415)

Question 16

steam engine

Answer 16

The great breakthrough of the Industrial Revolution, the coal-fired steam engine provided an almost limitless source of power and could be used to drive any number of machines as well as locomotives and ships; the introduction of the steam engine allowed a hitherto unimagined increase in productivity and made the Industrial Revolution possible. (p. 442)

Question 17

British textile industry

Answer 17

The site of the initial technological breakthroughs of the Industrial Revolution in eighteenth-century Britain, where multiple innovations transformed cotton textile production, resulting in an enormous increase in output. (p. 447)

Question 18

middle-class society

Answer 18

British social stratum developed in the nineteenth century, composed of small businessmen, doctors, lawyers, engineers, teachers, and other professionals required in an industrial society; politically liberal, they favored constitutional government, private property, free trade, and social reform within limits; had ideas of thrift, hard work, rigid morality, “respectability,” and cleanliness. (p. 450)

Question 19

ideology of domesticity

Answer 19

A set of ideas and values that defined the ideal role of middle-class women in nineteenth-century Europe, focusing their activity on homemaking, child rearing, charitable endeavors, and “refined” activities as the proper sphere for women. (p. 450)

Question 20

lower middle class

Answer 20

Social stratum that developed in Britain in the nineteenth century and that consisted of people employed in the service sector as clerks, salespeople, secretaries, police officers, and the like; by 1900, this group made up about 20 percent of Britain’s population. (p. 450)

Question 21

laboring classes

Answer 21

The majority of Britain’s nineteenth-century population, which included manual workers in the mines, ports, factories, construction sites, workshops, and farms of Britain’s industrializing and urbanizing society; this class suffered the most and at least initially gained the least from the transformations of the Industrial Revolution. (p. 451)

Question 22

Karl Marx

Answer 22

The most influential proponent of socialism, Marx was a German expatriate in England who predicted working-class revolution as the key to creating an ideal communist future. (p. 453)

Question 23

Labour Party

Answer 23

British working-class political party established in the 1890s and dedicated to reforms and a peaceful transition to socialism, in time providing a viable alternative to the revolutionary emphasis of Marxism. (p. 456)

Question 24

socialism in the United States

Answer 24

Fairly minor political movement in the United States; at its height in 1912, it gained 6 percent of the vote for its presidential candidate. (p. 462)

Question 25

Progressives

Answer 25

Followers of an American political movement (progressivism) in the period around 1900 that advocated reform measures such as wages-and-hours legislation to correct the ills of industrialization. (p. 462)

Question 26

Russian Revolution of 1905

Answer 26

Spontaneous rebellion that erupted in Russia after the country’s defeat at the hands of Japan in 1905; the revolution was suppressed, but it forced the government to make substantial reforms. (p. 465)

Question 27

caudillos

Answer 27

Military strongmen who seized control of a government in nineteenth-century Latin America, and were frequently replaced. (pron. kow-DEE-yos) (p. 467)

Question 28

Latin American export boom

Answer 28

Large-scale increase in Latin American exports (mostly raw materials and foodstuffs) to industrializing countries in the second half of the nineteenth century, made possible by major improvements in shipping; the boom mostly benefited the upper and middle classes. (p. 468)

Question 29

Mexican Revolution

Answer 29

Long and bloody war (1910–1920) in which Mexican reformers from the middle class joined with workers and peasants to overthrow the dictator Porfirio Díaz and create a new, much more democratic political order. (p. 471)

Question 30

dependent development

Answer 30

Term used to describe Latin America’s economic growth in the nineteenth century, which was largely financed by foreign capital and dependent on European and North American prosperity and decisions; also viewed as a new form of colonialism. (p. 472)

Question 31

Taiping Uprising

Answer 31

Massive Chinese rebellion against the ruling Qing dynasty that devastated much of the country between 1850 and 1864; it was based on the millenarian teachings of Hong Xiuquan. (p. 501)

Question 32

Opium Wars

Answer 32

Two wars fought between Western powers and China (1840–1842 and 1856–1858) after China tried to restrict the importation of foreign goods, especially opium; China lost both wars and was forced to make major concessions. (p. 503)

Question 33

Commissioner Lin Zexu

Answer 33

Royal official charged with ending the opium trade in China; his concerted efforts to seize and destroy opium imports provoked the Opium Wars. (pron. lin zuh-SHOO) (p. 504)

Question 34

unequal treaties

Answer 34

Series of nineteenth-century treaties in which China made major concessions to Western powers. (p. 505)

Question 35

informal empires

Answer 35

Term commonly used to describe areas that were dominated by Western powers in the nineteenth century but retained their own governments and a measure of independence (e.g., China). (p. 506)

Question 36

self-strengthening

Answer 36

China’s program of internal reform in the 1860s and 1870s, based on vigorous application of traditional principles and limited borrowing from the West. (p. 506)

Question 37

Boxer Uprising

Answer 37

Antiforeign movement (1898–1901) led by Chinese militia organizations, in which large numbers of Europeans and Chinese Christians were killed. It resulted in military intervention by Western powers and the imposition of a huge payment as punishment. (p. 506)

Question 38

Chinese revolution of 1911–1912

Answer 38

The collapse of China’s imperial order, officially at the hands of organized revolutionaries but for the most part under the weight of the troubles that had overwhelmed the imperial government for the previous century. (p. 508)

Question 39

"the sick man of Europe”

Answer 39

Western Europe’s description of the Ottoman Empire in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, based on the empire’s economic and military weakness and its apparent inability to prevent the shrinking of its territory. (p. 509)

Question 40

Tanzimat

Answer 40

Important reform measures undertaken in the Ottoman Empire beginning in 1839; the term “Tanzimat” means “reorganization.” (pron. tahn-zee-MAHT) (p. 512)

Question 41

Young Ottomans

Answer 41

Group of would-be reformers in the mid-nineteenth-century Ottoman Empire that included lower-level officials, military officers, and writers; they urged the extension of westernizing reforms to the political system. (p. 513)

Question 42

Sultan Abd al-Hamid II

Answer 42

Ottoman sultan (r. 1876–1909) who accepted a reform constitution but then quickly suppressed it, ruling as a despotic monarch for the rest of his long reign. (p. 513)

Question 43

Young Turks

Answer 43

Movement of Turkish military and civilian elites that advocated a militantly secular public life and a Turkish national identity; came to power through a coup in 1908. (p. 513)

Question 44

Tokugawa Japan

Answer 44

A period of internal peace in Japan (1600–1850) that prevented civil war but did not fully unify the country; led by military rulers, or shoguns, from the Tokugawa family, who established a “closed door” policy toward European encroachments. (p. 516)

Question 45

Meiji Restoration

Answer 45

The political takeover of Japan in 1868 by a group of young samurai from southern Japan. The samurai eliminated the shogun and claimed they were restoring to power the young emperor, Meiji. The new government was committed to saving Japan from foreign domination by drawing upon what the modern West had to offer to transform Japanese society. (pron. MAY-jee) (p. 519)

Question 46

Russo-Japanese War

Answer 46

Fought over rival ambitions in Korea and Manchuria, this conflict ended in a Japanese victory, establishing Japan as a formidable military competitor in East Asia. The war marked the first time that an Asian country defeated a European power in battle, and it precipitated the Russian Revolution of 1905. (p. 523)

Question 47

scientific racism

Answer 47

A new kind of racism that emerged in the nineteenth century that increasingly used the prestige and apparatus of science to support European racial prejudices and preferences. (p. 555)

Question 48

civilizing mission

Answer 48

A European understanding of empire that emphasized Europeans’ duty to “civilize inferior races” by bringing Christianity, good government, education, work discipline, and production for the market to colonized peoples, while suppressing “native customs,” such as polygamy, that ran counter to Western ways of living. (p. 556)

Question 49

social Darwinism

Answer 49

An outlook that suggested that European dominance inevitably led to the displacement or destruction of backward peoples or “unfit” races; this view made imperialism, war, and aggression seem both natural and progressive. (p. 556)

Question 50

scramble for Africa

Answer 50

The process by which European countries partitioned the continent of Africa among themselves in the period 1875–1900. (p. 558)

Question 51

settler colonies

Answer 51

Imperial territories in which Europeans settled permanently in substantial numbers. Examples include British North America, Portuguese Brazil, Spanish Mexico and Peru, Australia, New Zealand, Algeria, and South Africa. (pp. 222, 559)

Question 52

Indian Rebellion of 1857–1858

Answer 52

Massive uprising of parts of India against British rule caused by the introduction to the colony’s military forces of a new cartridge smeared with animal fat from pigs and cows, which caused strife among Muslims, who regarded pigs as unclean, and Hindus, who venerated cows. It came to express a variety of grievances against the colonial order. (p. 563)

Question 53

Congo Free State

Answer 53

A private colony ruled personally by Leopold II, king of Belgium; it was the site of widespread forced labor and killing to ensure the collection of wild rubber; by 1908 these abuses led to reforms that transferred control to the Belgian government. (p. 567)

Question 54

cultivation system

Answer 54

System of forced labor used in the Netherlands East Indies in the nineteenth century; peasants were required to cultivate at least 20 percent of their land in cash crops, such as sugar or coffee, for sale at low and fixed prices to government contractors, who then earned enormous profits from resale of the crops. (p. 567)

Question 55

cash-crop production

Answer 55

Agricultural production of crops for sale in the market rather than for consumption by the farmers themselves; operated at the level of both individual farmers and large-scale plantations. (p. 569)

Question 56

female circumcision

Answer 56

The excision of a pubescent girl’s clitoris and adjacent genital tissue as part of initiation rites marking her coming-of-age; missionary efforts to end the practice sparked a widespread exodus from mission churches in colonial Kenya. (p. 579)

Question 57

Africanization of Christianity

Answer 57

Process that occurred in non-Muslim Africa, where many who converted to Christianity sought to incorporate older traditions, values, and practices into their understanding of Christianity; often expressed in the creation of churches and schools that operated independently of the missionary and colonial establishment. (p. 580)

Question 58

Hinduism

Answer 58

A religion based on the many beliefs, practices, sects, rituals, and philosophies in India; in the thinking of nineteenth-century Indian reformers, it was expressed as a distinctive tradition, an Indian religion wholly equivalent to Christianity. (pp. 26, 581)

Question 59

Vivekananda

Answer 59

Leading religious figure of nineteenth-century India; advocate of a revived Hinduism and its mission to reach out to the spiritually impoverished West. (p. 581)

Question 60

African identity

Answer 60

A new way of thinking about belonging that emerged by the end of the nineteenth century among well-educated Africans; it was influenced by the common experience of colonial oppression and European racism and was an effort to revive the cultural self-confidence of their people. (p. 582)

Question 61

Edward Blyden

Answer 61

Prominent West African scholar and political leader who argued that each civilization, including that of Africa, has its own unique contribution to make to the world. (p. 583)

Question 62

idea of “tribe”

Answer 62

A new sense of clearly defined ethnic identities that emerged in twentieth-century Africa, often initiated by Europeans intent on showing the primitive nature of their colonial subjects, but widely adopted by Africans themselves as a way of responding to the upheavals of modern life. (p. 583)