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Biology: Alex > Tipic 4 and evolution > Flashcards

Tipic 4 and evolution Flashcards

1
Q

Define biodiversity

A

Variety of living organisms in an area. Includes

  1. Species diversity
  2. Genetic diversity
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2
Q

Define species diversity

A

Number of different species + abundance in area

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3
Q

Define genetic diversity

A

Variation of alleles in a gene pool

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4
Q

Endemism

A

Species unique to single place

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5
Q

What increases biodiversity

A

Natural selection leading to adaptation then evolution

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6
Q

What decreases biodiversity

A

Human activity such as deforestation and farming

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7
Q

Purpose of conservation?

A

Help maintain biodiversity (especially those vulnerable to extinction)

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8
Q

Why is it useful to be able to measure species diversity

A

Compare different habitats

See how a habitat has changed over time

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9
Q

Define species richness

A

No indication of abundance

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10
Q

How can species diversity be measured?

A

Number of dif + abundance then use index of diversity equation

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11
Q

How can you avoid bias when sampling

A

random sample.

Divide area into a grid then use random number generator To select co-ordinates

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12
Q

Sum up taking an sample (6 steps)

A
  1. Chose sample area
  2. Random sample
  3. Count number of dif species and abundance
  4. Repeat
  5. Use results to estimate species richness
  6. When sampling different habitats and comparing them, use same sampling technique
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13
Q

Define gene pool

A

Complete set of alleles in a population

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14
Q

How can diversity within a species be measured

A

Looking at genetic diversity within a gene pool

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15
Q

What two ways are there of measuring genetic diversity

A
  1. Phenotype

2. Genotype

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16
Q

Describe phenotype for genetic diversity

A
  1. Observeable characteristics of an organism
  2. Different alleles code for different versions of characteristic
  3. By looking at phenotype of population, get an idea of diversity of alleles
  4. Larger number of phenotypes = greater genetic diversity
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17
Q

How can genotype be looked at for genetic diversity

A
  1. Sample of DNA base sequence analysed
  2. The order of bases in different alleles is slightly different
  3. By sequencing the DNA of individuals of same species can see similarities and differences.
  4. The larger number of alleles the greater the genetic diversity
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18
Q

What does the Heteizygotisy index measure?

A

Genetic diversity

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19
Q

Heterozygosity formula?

A

Number of heterozygotes
————-
Number of individuals in pop

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20
Q

What is the index of diversity

A

Way of measuring species diversity taking both species richness and abundance into account

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21
Q

What’s the formula for index of diversity

A

N(N-1)
———
(Sum of) n(n-1)

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22
Q

What does D,N and n represent in index of diversity

A 
D= index of diversity 
N= total number of organisms of all species 
n= total number of organisms of one species
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23
Q

Define a Niche

A

Role of a species within its habitat, inc interactions with living/ non living factors

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24
Q

Why can a Niche only be occupied by one species

A

Two species will compete for resources until one is left

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25
Define an adaptation
Feature that increase an organisms chance of survival and reproduction
26
Define physiological adaptations
Processes inside an organism that increases chance of survival
27
Define behavioural adaptations
The way an organism behaves
28
Define anatomical adaptations
Structural features of an organism that increased chance of survival
29
What creates a struggle for survival
Selection pressure such as predatation or disease
30
Why is it an advantageous mutation is likely to be passed on?
New allele gives helpful characteristic that increases chance of survival under selection pressure. More likely to pass on allele to offspring
31
Define species
A group of similar organisms that can reproduce to give fertile offspring
32
What is the development of a new species called?
Speciation
33
How does speciation occur?
When populations of same species become reproductively isolated OR random mutations introduce new alleles that prevents breeding
34
What are 3 ways a change in phenotype can prevent 2 populations breeding?
Seasonal changes Mechanical changes Behavioural changes
35
How is it the number of individuals with an advantageous allele increases
1. Mutation gives characteristic that helps survive against selection pressure 2. Individuals without it die so less competition for resources 3. Better adapted will pass on their alleles to offspring
36
Explains how geographical isolation can lead to speciation
1. Physical barrier divides population 2. Conditions on either side will be slightly different 3. Different selection pressures will promote different alleles 4. Over time will become genetically distinct, won’t be able to produce fertile offspring (reproductively isolated)
37
Define allele frequency
How often an allele occurs in a population
38
What is the hardy-Weinberg principle for?
Calculating allele frequency, used to see if the population is changing over time
39
What is an assumption the hardy-wienbrug principle makes
Allele frequency in a population won’t change from one generation to the next - This is only true if it’s a large pop, with no immigration/emigration/mutations or natural selection - Also needs to be random mating
40
How do you work out the frequency of one allele with knowledge of the other
p+q = 1
41
Hardy-Weinberg equation
2 2 | P + 2pq + q = 1
42
What does each bit mean in hardweinbeuh principle
``` P = dominant allele q = recessive allele ``` ``` P*2 = homozygous dominant genotype 2pq = heterozygous genotype q*2 = homozygous recessive ```
43
What is taxonomy
1. Science of classification | 2. Naming and organising organisms into groups based of similarities
44
What are the 8 (taxonomic) levels used in classification
1. Dutch (Domain) 2. King (kingdom) 3. Phyl (phylum) 4. Calls (class) 5. Our (order) 6. Family 7. Genetically (genus) 8. Special (species)
45
Describe early classification
1. Based only off observable phenotype | 2. Animals may look related but really aren’t
46
What is thee main way eagerly enters an ecosystem
Photosynthesis converts sunlight energy into a fork that can be used by other animals
47
Define producers
Organisms that produce organic molecules using sunlight energy
48
What do producers store energy as
Biomass, so energy transfers transfers are really biomass transfers
49
How is energy transferred through an ecosystem
When producers are eaten by organisms called primary consumers and so on
50
How much total available energy is passed on to next trophic level?
10%
51
Why is only 40% of available energy taken in by plants?
1. Not all sunlight hits leaves 2. Wrong wavelength 3. Reflected 4. Missed chloroplast and goes through leaves 5. Some parts of plants cannot photosynthesise
52
Why is not all biomass taken in by consumers
1. Roots and bones are not eaten 2. Passed to decomposers 3. Some parts indigestible so come out as waste to decomposers
53
What is the amount of energy absorbed called
Gross productivity
54
What is respiratory loss
75% of GP is lost to environment when energy used for respiration for movement or heat
55
What is net productivity
Total energy that becomes biomass (stored or used for growth)
56
How much available energy is never taken in by organisms
60%
57
How much of total/ gp energy is lost to environment
Total: 30% GP: 75%
58
What is NP
Biomass, energy available to next tophic level
59
How is NP calculated
NP = GP - respiratory loss
60
What is NP and GP when talking about producers
Net primary productivity Gross primary productivity
61
What’s the equation for primary productivity
NPP = GPP - plant respiration
62
How can energy transfer between tophic levels be measured
Calculate difference between NP at each level
63
How can you calculate amount of energy at a tophic level
Measure dry mass (biomass) by drying sample on oven - Weigh mass at regular intervals until weight consistent (all water removed)
64
Once dry mass obtained the what?
Multiply result from sample by size of population to give total energy at tropic level
65
What is the problem with dry mass method to work out energy transfer
1. Consumers might take in energy from other sources 2. Difference between figures won’t be an accurate estimate of energy transfer 3. Would have to include all organisms at all tropic levels
66
What is genomics
1. Uses DNA technoboly to determine base sequence of organisms genome and function of its genes 2. Allows comparisons to be made
67
Outline divergent trees
1. Organisms evolved from common ancestor 2. Closer related diverged more recently 3. More similar DNA
68
What is proteomics
1. Study of proteins shape, size and amino acid sequence 2. Sequence of amino acids coded by DNA sequence 3. Related organisms have similar DNA sequences so silimar amino acid sequence

Biology: Alex (44 decks)

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