Topic 1- Risk Of CVD

Question 1

Definition of risk

Answer 1

Probability of occurrence of some unwanted event or outcome

Question 2

What must be quoted when when measuring risk

Answer 2

Period of time for the risk

Question 3

Define a positive correlation

Answer 3

When an increase in x is accompanied by an increase in y

Question 4

Define a negative correlation

Answer 4

When the values of one variable decreases while the other increased

Question 5

Define causation

Answer 5

When two variables are causally linked: a change in one is responsible for a change in the other

Question 6

Define correlation

Answer 6

A change in x is reflected by a change in y

Question 7

What is a cohort study

Answer 7

Risk factors they are exposed to can be identified

Question 8

3 features of a good study

Answer 8

Representative sample 
-
Reliable methods (control variables)
-
Conflicting evidence

Question 9

What are the unavoidable risk factors of developing atherosclerosis/ stroke

Answer 9

Increasing age 
-
Gender 
-
Genetics

Question 10

What are the avoidable risk factors

Answer 10

Smoking tobacco 
-
High blood pressure
-
Diet
-
Inactivity

Question 11

What ages are more vulnerable

Answer 11

Older people (65+)

Question 12

Which gender is more at risk

Answer 12

Men (also affected earlier)

Question 13

What would increase genetic variability

Answer 13

Increased risk of present in close family

Question 14

How does high blood pressure increase risk?

Answer 14

More strain on heart/ blood vessels

Question 15

How can diet increase risk

Answer 15

High cholesterol diet / saturated fats

Question 16

How can inactivity increase risk

Answer 16

Exercise reduces blood cholesterol level

Question 17

Is blood pressure in permanently higher than normal it is known as

Answer 17

Hypertension

Question 18

How can hypertension lead to a higher blood pressure still

Answer 18

Mussel layer thickens, this narrows the lumen, increasing blood pressure

Question 19

What is used to measure blood pressure

Answer 19

Sphygmomanometer

Question 20

What can cause hypertension

Answer 20

Stress
-
Obesity 
-
Alcohol 
-
Smoking

Question 21

What are anti-hypertensives?

Answer 21

Reduce high blood pressure

Question 22

Name a anti-hypertensive

Answer 22

Rescues strength of heartbeat

Question 23

Name 3 side effects of anti-hypertensives

Answer 23

Heart palpitations 
-
Fainting 
-
Headaches

Question 24

What drug is used to reduce blood cholesterol

Answer 24

Statins

Question 25

What are statins effective at

Answer 25

Reduce risk of CVD

Question 26

3 side effects of statins

Answer 26

``` Increased risk of diabetes - Headaches - Digestive problems ```

Question 27

What are anticoagulants used for?

Answer 27

Reducing the formation of blood clots

Question 28

Name an anticoagulant

Answer 28

Warfarin

Question 29

What are anticoagulants effective at

Answer 29

Used to treat people who already have CVD - Prevent NEW blood clots from forming

Question 30

Risk of anticoagulants

Answer 30

Excessive bleeding - Fainting

Question 31

What other drug also rescues the formation of blood clots

Answer 31

Platelet inhibitory drugs

Question 32

How do platelet inhibitory drugs work?

Answer 32

Prevent platelets clumping together

Question 33

Describe ‘energy budget’

Answer 33

Amount of energy taken in and amount used up

Question 34

How can an imbalance in energy budget cause obesity

Answer 34

If Intake is higher than output, excess energy will be turned to fat reserves

Question 35

What is a lipoprotein?

Answer 35

Cholesterol attached to a protein

Question 36

Why does the body make lipoproteins?

Answer 36

Cholesterol needs to be attached to a protein to move about

Question 37

Describe high density lipoproteins

Answer 37

Mainly protein - Transport cholesterol from body tissue to liver where it is recycled or excreted - Function is to reduce total blood cholesterol when too high

Question 38

Describe low density lipoproteins

Answer 38

Mainly lipids - Transport cholesterol from liver to blood - Function is to increase total blood cholesterol when too low

Question 39

What has been linked to an increase risk of CVD?

Answer 39

High LDL level

Question 40

How would an increased total blood cholesterol level increase risk of CVD?

Answer 40

Increase atheroma formation

Question 41

Where are saturated lipids mainly found?

Answer 41

Animal fats

Question 42

Where are unsaturated lipids mostly found?

Answer 42

Plants

Question 43

Where is the difference found between lipid types

Answer 43

Hydrocarbon tail