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Anatomy 1B > Tissue Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Tissue Chapter 4 Flashcards

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0
Q

What are the four basic types of tissues

A
  1. Epithelial
  2. Connective
  3. Muscle
  4. Neural
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1
Q

What is the study of tissues

A

Histology

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2
Q

What are the two divisions of epithelial tissue

A
  1. Epithelia

2. Glands

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3
Q

What is epithelia

A

Avascular layers that cover exposed surfaces

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4
Q

What is the difference between an exocrine and endocrine gland

A

Exocrine glands secrete onto external surfaces or ducts

Endocrine glands secrete into interstitial fluid

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5
Q

What are the 4 functions of epithelial tissue

A
  1. Physical protection
  2. Control permeability
  3. Sensation
  4. Specialized secretions
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6
Q

What is neuroepithelium

A

Sensory epithelium found in special sense organs

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7
Q

What is the apical surface

A

Surface that faces exterior body or internal space

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8
Q

What is the base surface

A

Attaches to underlying tissues

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9
Q

What is the name for the lateral surfaces attached to neighbouring cells and the basal surfaces

A

Basolateral surface

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10
Q

What is polarity referred to as in epithelial tissue

A

Structural differences between exposed and attached surfaces

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11
Q

What is the name for an apical surface exposed to space inside the tube

A

Lumen

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12
Q

What are the three basic epithelial cell shapes

A
  1. Squamous
  2. Cuboidal
  3. Columnar
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13
Q

What is the difference between simple epithelium and stratified

A

Simple is a single layer

Stratified is several layers

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14
Q

Where is stratified epithelium usually found

A

Areas the need protection from chemical stress

Mouth/surface of skin

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15
Q

What is an occluding junction

A

A barrier that isolates the basho lateral surface from contents of lumen

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16
Q

What is an adhesion belt

A

Strengthens the apical region and prevents leakage from occluding junctions

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17
Q

What is a gap junction

A

Allows chemical communication between cells . Helps coordinate specific functions

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18
Q

What is a connexon

A

The area of a gap junction where two cells are held together by interlocking proteins

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19
Q

What are desmosomes

A

Firm attachments between cells cytoskeletons

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20
Q

What are cell adhesion molecules (CAMs)

A

Membrane proteins from different cells that bind together

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21
Q

What are hemidesmosomes

A

Attach deepest epithelial cells to basement membrane

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22
Q

What is the basal lamina and what is it composed of

A

Complex structure produced by the basal surface

It is composed of a clear and dense layer

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23
Q

What are the clear/dense layers composed of

A

Clear layer is composed of protein filaments

Dense is composed of coarse protein fibers; restricts diffusion

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24
What kind of epithelium looks like a fried egg from above
Squamous epithelium
25
What is the most delicate epithelium in the body
Simple squamous. One layer
26
What is mesothelium
Simple squamous lining the ventral body cavities
27
What are the two types of stratified squamous epithelium and their differences
1. Keratinized- resists dehydration and water resistant. Found on surface of skin 2. Nonkeratinized- can dry out. Lines vagina anus oral cavity
28
What is cuboidal epithelium look like
Hexagonal boxes with nucleus in centre of cell
29
What is the differences between simple and stratified cuboidal epithelium
Simple - secretion/absorption | Stratified - RARE tissue found in mammary and sweat glands
30
What is transitional epithelium
Stratified epithelium that can stretch and recoil without damages Only in urinary system
31
Where is the nucleus located in columnar epithelium
Toward the basement membrane
32
Where is simple columnar epithelium found
Where absorption and secretions take place
33
What is pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Specialized cells usually containing cilia
34
Why is a pseudostratified columnar epithelium cell not really considered stratified
Every cell contacts the basal lamina
35
What is a gland
Epithelial cells that produce secretions
36
What are the three types of secretions for exocrine glands
1. Merocrine 2. Apocrine 3. Holocrine
37
Who's does a merocrine secretion work
Most common mode of secretion | Released from vesicles by exocytosis
38
What is mucin
Merocrine secretion mixed with water to form mucus
39
What are the functions of mucus
Lubricate, protect and trap foreign particles
40
What is an apocrine secretion
Apical cytoplasm is released along with another product
41
What is a holocrine secretion
Entire cell bursts releasing secretion and killing cell
42
What are simple and compound ducts
1. Simples a single duct that does not divide | 2. Compound duct divides one or more times
43
Where are the glandular cells from that make up tubular, alveolar, tubuloalveolar
Tubular- from tubes Alveolar- from sacs Tubuloalveolar- both
44
What do goblet cells secrete
Mucin
45
Connective tissue can be exposed at the surface
False
46
What are the 3 basic components shared by connective tissues
1. Specialized cells 2. Extra cellular protein fibers 3. Matrix
47
What are the three subdivisions of connective tissue
1. Connective tissue proper 2. Fluid connective 3. Supporting connective
48
What is connective tissue proper
Extra cellular fibers in syrupy ground substance
49
What is fluid connective tissue and give an example
Distinct group of cells with watery matrix Ex blood/lymph
50
What is supporting connective tissue
More densely packed matrix Ex cartilage and bone
51
What are 4 functions of connective tissue
1. Structural framework 2. Transport fluids 3. Store energy 4. Protect organs
52
What are reticular fibers
Strong and form branching network
53
What are collagen fibers
Thick very strong
54
What are elastic fibers
Slender and very stretchy
55
What are the differences between fixed and wandering cells
Fixed are stationary and are involved with repair or energy storage Wandering move throughout tissue
56
What are mast cells
Stimulate inflammation
57
What are mesenchymal cells
Stem cells that aid in tissue repair
58
Three types of loose connective tissue
Areolar Adipose Reticular
59
What is areolar tissue
Most common connective tissue | Packing material of the body
60
What tissue is found deep in the skin and forms a layer of padding around the kidney
Adipose tissue
61
What does reticular tissue do
Support and resists distortion
62
Three types of dense connective tissue
1. Dense regular- tendons/ligaments 2. Dense irregular- meshwork to resist tension 3. Elastic- springy and resilient
63
What is plasma
Watery matrix in blood
64
What is a monocyte
Large phagocytes
65
What is a neutrophil
Small phagocytes
66
What are platelets
Involved in clotting
67
What is an artery
Move blood away from heart
68
What are capillaries
Smallest vessels; sites of exchange
69
What are veins
Move blood toward heart
70
Where do lymphatic vessels return lymph
Through large veins near the heart
71
What is the only type of cell cartilage tissue has
Chondrocyte
72
Where are chondrocytes located
Small chambers called lacunae
73
What is a cartilage generally set apart from other cells by
Perichondrium
74
What are the functions of the two layers of the perichondrium
1. Outer layer supports and protects | 2. Inner layer is where cartilage grows and maintains itself
75
What are the three types of cartilage
1. Hyaline cartilage 2. Elastic cartilage 3. Fibrocartilage
76
What is hyaline cartilage
Found between ribs; stiff but flexible support
77
What is elastic cartilage
Distorts without damage and returns to original state
78
What is fibrocartilage
Resists compression prevents bone to bone contact | Knee joint
79
What are the two methods cartilage grow
Appositional growth | Interstitial growth
80
What is appositional growth
Chondroblasts divide in cellular level of perichondrium
81
What is interstitial growth
Chondrocytes divide within a lacuna
82
What is osseous tissue composed of
Connective tissue with solid crystalline matrix
83
What is the inner and outter part of the bone called
Compact bone is outermost | Spongy bone lines internal cavity
84
The _____________ of a bone contains blood vessels in the centre
Central canal
85
What is the compact bone surrounded by
Periosteum
86
What are the 4 types of membranes in the body
1. Mucous 2. Serous 3. Cultaneous 4. Synovial
87
What is the function of the mucous membrane
Moist passageways open to the exterior of the body
88
What is the lamina propria
Connective tissue that supports mucous membranes
89
What is a serous membrane
Composed of mesothelium and never connected to exterior
90
What are the three types of serous membranes in the body and what do they surround
Pleura surround the lungs Pericardium surrounds the heart Peritoneum surrounds the visceral organs
91
What is the cutaneous membrane
Covers the body surface. | Thick and waterproof
92
What is the synovial membrane
Lines freely movable joints
93
What is a fasciae
Connective tissue layers that Support and surround organs
94
What is the superficial fascia
Located beneath the skin
95
What is the deep fascia
Consists of dense irregular connective tissue firms strong internal framework
96
What's the subserous fascia
Between serous membranes and deep fascia
97
What tissue is 50% total body weight
Muscle tissue
98
What tissue is 2% of body weight
Neural
99
What tissue is 3% total weight
Epithelial
100
What tissue is 45% total weight
Connective tissue
101
What are the three types of muscle tissue
1. Skeletal muscle 2. Cardiac muscle 3. Smooth muscle
102
What are the functions of skeletal muscle tissue
1. Move Skeleton 2. Heat 3. Protect internal organs
103
What are the longest cells in the body
Neurons
104
What are the three functions of the neuroglia
1. Phagocytosis 2. Repair 3. Physical structure
105
What happens when a tissue is injured
``` Body activates mast cells Stimulates inflammation Sensation of pain Cleanup Regeneration ```
106
What are the 4 signs of inflammation
1. Redness 2. Swelling 3. Warmth 4. Pain
107
Where does inflammation occur
Connective tissue
109
What is a scar
Dense collagenous framework
110
What is fibrosis
The permanent replacement of normal tissue by scar tissue

Anatomy 1B (4 decks)

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