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PT 506 Kinesiology > Tissue Mechanics > Flashcards

Tissue Mechanics Flashcards

1
Q

Loading Modes

A

Compression; Tension; Bending; Shear; Torsion; Combined Loading

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2
Q

Structure of connective tissues

A

Characterized by a wide dispersion of cells in the presence of a large ECM

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3
Q

Interfibrillar components

A

(Ground substance)

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4
Q

Fibrillar components

A

(fibrous)

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5
Q

Connective tissues are unique because…

A

Functions determined by ECM, unlike other tissues where cell behavior determines

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6
Q

Fibroblast

A

Basic cells of most connective tissue

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7
Q

Fibroblasts may become

A

Chondroblast
Osteoblast
Tenoblast

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8
Q

With maturation, fibroblasts are…

A

Fibrocytes
Chondrocytes
Oesteocytes
Tenocytes

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9
Q

Proteoglycans

A

Attached are one or more polysaccaride chains called glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)

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10
Q

Glycoproteins

A

Compound containing a carbohydrate covalently linked to protein

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11
Q

GAGs

A

Negatively charged, a concentration of GAGs creates a swelling pressure and H20 goes into ECF

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12
Q

Collagen fibers counteract GAGs by

A

resisting and containing the swelling via tensile stress and osmotic pressure

Tissue can resist compression

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13
Q

Tissues subjected to high compression forces have a ___ PG content

A

High

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14
Q

Tissues that resist tensile loads have a ____ PG content

A

Low

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15
Q

Collagen

A

Most abundant protein in the body

Strong as steel

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16
Q

Type I Collagen

A

predominantly in ligaments. tendons, menisci, and joint capsules

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17
Q

Type II Collagen

A

Predominantly in hyaline articular cartilage and nucleus pulposus of disk

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18
Q

Elastin

A

Properties allow the fibers to deform under force and return to original state

Generally less elastin in connective tissue

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19
Q

Connective tissue composition and structure

A

Sparsely vascularized, parallel fibers

Dense connective tissue in tendon and ligament

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20
Q

Type I collagen production

A

Fibroblasts make procollagen which is cleaved to produce type I collagen

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21
Q

Coiling of connective tissue

A

Polypeptide chain coiled in left handed helix

Three alphas chains are then coild in a right handed helix.

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22
Q

Cross links

A

Formed by GAG’s between collagen molecules

Aid in strength

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23
Q

More elastin in _____ than ____

A

Ligaments; Tendons

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24
Q

Overload

A

Tissues increase their structural or functional capability in response to overloading

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25
Specificity
Specific stimulus for adaptation elicits specific structural and functional changes in specific elements of tissues
26
Reversibility
Discontinueing training stimulus will result in loss of adaptive changes
27
SAID
Specific Adaptations to Imparted Demand
28
Elasticity
Property of a material to return to original form following removal of deforming load
29
Plasticity
Property of a material to deform permanently when loaded beyond its plastic range
30
Viscocity
Property of a material to resist loads that produce shear | Higher viscosity -----> Slower deformation
31
Elastic Materials
Energy is stored during loading and released during unloading Loading/Unloading curves are the same
32
Visco-Elastic materials
Sensitive to rate of loading or deformation | Higher rates lead to more deformation
33
Creep
Load is suddenly applied then held constant | Continued deformation over time
34
Stress Relaxation
Deformation held constant | Force required to maintain deformation decreases over time
35
Cyclical Loading
Causes a shift of the load:elongation curve to the right | Shift decreases in magnitude with each repitition
36
Hysteresis
Energy loss
37
Viscoelastic behavior
Increased stiffness w/ increased strain rate
38
Tendon Loading
Tendon has 2x the tensile strength of muscle | Muscle rupture is more common than tendon rupture
39
Investing DCT
Paratenon: Outside Epitenon: Synovial tissue only in high friction location Endotenon: continuous with perimysium and periosteum
40
Sharpey's fibers
Link tendon to bone, go into the bone
41
Tendon Inflammatory phase
Cellular Reaction
42
Tendon Collagen Synthesis
Proliferation
43
Tendon Remodeling
Maturation
44
Immobilization in tendons
Reduces water content; PG Content; and strength. Tendon softens in 1-2 weeks
45
Early intermittent passive mobilization
CPN machine Ultimate load increased Reduced adhesions
46
Functions of Myotendinous Junction
Adhesion Force transmission Force mustnt exceed strength of interface & adhesion
47
Muscle tendon & bone-ll-bone failure
Pre-epiphyseal closure - failure at epiphysis Post-epiphyseal closure - failure at mtj Avulsion less common than mid substance in adults
48
Stretching Connective Tissues
Mode Intensity Frequency Duration
49
Loading effect on length of Peri-articular DCT
low load of 5-40 minutes | Mobilization doesnt effect length, but can enhance ROM
50
Loading effect on muscle length
30 Seconds minumum continuous duration (maintain end range)
51
Strength Tissue Training
3-5 sets | 6-12 Reps
52
Muscular Endurance Training
3-5 sets | 20-30 Reps
53
Tendon Training
3-5 sets | 30-40 Reps
54
Ligament Training
1000s of reps
55
Cartilage Training
Hours of reps
56
Articular Cartilage Physiological Features
Avascular, aneural, low metabolism | Withstands loading, distributes load, low friction
57
Zone 1 of articular cartilage
Nearly horizontal fiber direction resist shear
58
Zone 2 of articular cartilage
Slightly diagonal fiber direction to resist some shear, some compression
59
Zone 3 of articular cartilage
More vertical, resist more compression
60
Zone 4 of articular cartilage
Vertical fiber direction resists compression
61
Chondrocytes
Make & secrete matrix | Electrical activity elicits a synthesis response
62
Unique property of AC
Fluid component. Water content decreases and PG content increases with depth of tissue

PT 506 Kinesiology (10 decks)

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