tissue notes

Question 1

what are the five characteristics of epithelial tissues?

Answer 1

1.Cellularity – Cells fit closely together to form membranes and are bound together by specialized junctions

2.Polarity – a free surface, called the apical surface, is always present

3.Attached to the basement membrane and supported by connective tissue

4.Avascular – contains no blood supply, with the exception of glandular epithelium

5.High regenerative ability

Question 2

what are the five functions of epithelial tissues?

Answer 2

1. Protection
2. Absorption
3. Filtration
4. Excretion
5. Secretion

Question 3

what are the 5 classifications of epithelial tissues?

Answer 3

1. Simple – Single layer of cells
2. Stratified – Multiple layers of cells
3. Squamous – flat, irregular cells
4. Columnar – Elongated cells with nucleus located at basal end of cell
5. Cuboidal – square-shaped cells with large round nuclei

Question 4

how many categories are there for the epithelium tissues?

Answer 4

8

Question 5

describe Simple Squamous Epithelium

Answer 5

a. Single layer of flattened, irregularly shaped cells with disc-shaped central nuclei

b. Functions include allowing easy passage of substances by diffusion and filtration when protection is not as important

c. Located in kidney corpuscles, alveoli of lungs, lining the heart, blood vessels and lymphatic vessels. Also lines the ventral body cavity

Question 6

describe simple cuboidal epithelium tissue

Answer 6

a. Single layer of cube-like cells with large, round centrally located nuclei

b. Functions include secretion and absorption

c. Located in the kidney tubules, secretory portions of small glands and ovarian surface

Question 7

describe a simple columnar epithelium

Answer 7

a. Single layer of elongated cells with elongated nuclei located near the basal end of the cell. May contain cilia and goblet cells

b. Functions include absorption, secretion of enzymes, mucous and other substances; ciliated variety helps propel materials, including mucous and egg cells, through passageways.

c. Non-ciliated type found lining the digestive tract, gall bladder and ducts of some glands. Ciliated type can be found in small bronchi and lining the fallopian tubes.

Question 8

describe a pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Answer 8

a. Single layer of cells of differing heights, with some cells not reaching the free (apical) surface. Nuclei present are at different locations throughout the cells. They may contain goblet cells and cilia.

b. Functions include secretion and propulsion of mucous with the aid of cilia.

c. Ciliated variety located lining the trachea and most of the respiratory tract. Non-ciliated type can be found lining sperm-carrying ducts.

Question 9

describe a stratified squamous epithelium tissue

Answer 9

a.Multiple layers of flat, irregularly shaped cells. They may be keratinized.

b.Functions include protecting underlying tissues in areas subject to abrasion

c. Non-keratinized type found in the moist linings of the esophagus, mouth, vagina and anus. Keratinized type found in the epidermis of the skin.

Question 10

describe a stratified cuboidal epithelium tissue

Answer 10

a.Usually consists of only two layers of cuboidal cells.

b.Major function is in protection.

c.Found in the large ducts of sweat glands, mammary glands and salivary glands.

Question 11

describe a stratified columnar epithelium tissue

Answer 11

a.Several layers of elongated cells with basally located nuclei.

b.Functions in protection and secretion.

c.Rare in the human body. Small amounts can be found in the male urethra and in some of the larger ducts of glands.

Question 12

describe a transitional epithelium tissue

Answer 12

a.Has the look of both stratified squamous epithelium and stratified cuboidal epithelium.

b.Functions in stretching in the urinary organs when those structures are filling with urine.

c.Found lining the ureters, bladder and part of the urethra.

Question 13

what are the eight epithelium tissues?

Answer 13

transitional epithelium
stratified columnar epithelium
stratified cuboidal epithelium
stratified squamous epithelium
pseudostratified columnar epithelium
simple columnar epithelium
simple cuboidal epithelium
simple squamous epithelium

Question 14

what are the 4 characteristics of connective tissue ?

Answer 14

1.It is has a rich blood supply, with a few exceptions, notably cartilage and tendons/ligaments.

2.Unlike epithelium, connective tissue is composed of many types of cells.

3.All connective tissue has some sort of ground substance associated with it.

4.Connective tissue also has fibers associated with it.
a. elastic fibers
b. reticular fibers
c. collagen fibers

Question 15

what are the 3 functions of connective tissue?

Answer 15

protection
support
binding together other tissues of the body

Question 16

how many classifications of connective tissue are there?

Answer 16

6

Question 17

what are the 6 classifications of connective tissue?

Answer 17

embryonic connective tissue

loose connective tissue proper
*areolar connective tissue
*adipose tissue
*reticular connective tissue

Dense connective tissue proper
*dense irregular connective tissue
*dense regular connective tissue

Cartilage
*hyaline cartilage
*Elastic Cartlidge
*fibrocartlidge

Bone

Blood

Question 18

describe embryonic connective tissue

Answer 18

a.Called mesenchyme, it is has a gel-like ground substance containing fibers and star-shaped mesenchymal cells.

b. It gives rise to all connective tissues in the adult.

c. Located primarily in the embryo.

Question 19

describe areolar connective tissue

Answer 19

1. Contains all three fiber types in a gel-like matrix.
2. Contains fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells and some white blood cells.
3. Functions include wrapping and cushioning organs, phagocytosis of bacteria and conveying of tissue fluids.
4. Found in large amounts under epithelial tissue and surrounding organs and capillaries.

A loose connective tissue

Question 20

describe a adipose tissue

Answer 20

1. Closely packed adipose (fat) cells with the nucleus pushed to the side.
2. Functions to provide insulation against heat loss, supporting and protecting organs and serves as a reserve fuel source.
3. Located throughout the body, such as under the skin, around organs such as the kidneys and eyeballs and in the abdomen and breasts.

Question 21

describe a reticular connective tissue

Answer 21

1. Reticular fibers in a loose ground substance with reticular cells present.
2. Functions to form a soft internal “skeleton” (stroma) used to support other cell types.
3. Located in lymphoid organs, such as lymph nodes, bone marrow and spleen.

Question 22

describe a dense irregular connective tissue

Answer 22

1. Irregularly arranged collagen fibers with a few elastic fibers present. The primary cell present is the fibroblast.
2. Functions in providing structural support because of its ability to withstand great amount of tension (tensile strength).
3. Found in the dermis of the skin, submucosa of the intestinal tract and the fibrous capsules of organs and joints.

Question 23

describe a dense regular connective tissue

Answer 23

1. Primarily parallel collagen fibers with a few elastic fibers present. The primary cell is the fibroblast. Attaches muscles to bones or muscles to muscles and also attaches bones to bones.
2. Exhibits tensile strength when it is pulled in one direction.
3. Located in tendons and ligaments.
4. Cartilage

Question 24

describe hyaline cartlidge

Answer 24

1. Firm but amorphous ground substance with collagen fibers forming an imperceptible meshwork. Chondroblasts produce the matrix and when they are mature (called chondrocytes), they lie within lacunae in the cartilage.
2. Functions to provide support and reinforcement with resilient cushioning properties and also has high compressive strength.
3. Found in most all of the embryonic skeleton, covering the ends of long bones, costal cartilages and the cartilage of the nose, trachea and larynx.

Question 25

describe elastic cartilage

Answer 25

1. Has the same basic structure as hyaline cartilage, but has many more elastic fibers present. 2. Functions to help maintain the shape of a structure but also remain flexible. 3. Located in the external ear and epiglottis.

Question 26

describe fibrocartlidge

Answer 26

1. Similar matrix to hyaline cartilage, but less firm. Thick collagen fibers are the most predominant type. 2. Functions to provide tensile strength but also has great compressive strength to withstand compressive shock. 3. Located in the intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, and discs of the knee joint.

Question 27

describe bone

Answer 27

a. Hard, calcified matrix containing many collagen fibers (osseous tissue). It is highly vascular and the primary mature cell is the osteocyte. b. Supports and protects structures of the body and also provides and anchoring and lever system for muscle function. Bone also provides calcium and other mineral stores and the marrow of some bones produces blood cells (hematopoiesis). c. Located in all bones of the skeletal system.

Question 28

describe blood

Answer 28

a. Cells consist of red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes) and platelets (thrombocytes) in a ground substance of plasma. b. Functions to transport gases, nutrients, hormones, etc. throughout the body. c. Found in blood vessels of the cardiovascular system and other areas of blood storage in the body.

Question 29

what are the characteristics of muscle tissue?

Answer 29

1. Excitability 2. Elasticity 3. Extensibility 4. Contractility

Question 30

what are the functions of muscle tissue ?

Answer 30

1. Highly specialized to contract and produce movements in the body. 2. Helps maintain posture and where we are in spatial relations. 3. Helps produce heat for the body 4. Stabilizes joints

Question 31

how many muscle types are there?

Answer 31

3

Question 32

what are the muscle types?

Answer 32

skeletal muscle cardiac muscle smooth muscle

Question 33

describe a skeletal muscle

Answer 33

a. Contains striations necessary to produce muscle movement. b. It is considered to be voluntary muscle. c. Muscle fibers (which are the same as muscle cells) are elongated and contain several nuclei (multinucleated). d. This tissue cannot regenerate itself. Any damage repair to muscle is repaired with connective tissue. e. Skeletal muscle is found throughout the body, connected to bones, other muscles, tendons and ligaments.

Question 34

describe a cardiac muscle

Answer 34

a. Similar to skeletal muscle, but it is considered an involuntary muscle. b. Contains striations but they are more poorly organized. Also, while cardiac muscle cells are elongated like skeletal muscle cells, they are uninuclear. c. The presence of specialized structures called intercalated discs allows for simultaneous contraction of all of the muscle fibers so they will act as a unit. d. Located only in the heart.

Question 35

describe a smooth muscle

Answer 35

a. Considered to be an involuntary muscle. b. No striations are present in smooth muscle. In addition, the smooth muscle cells are more spindle shaped than elongated. c. Usually, the smooth muscle will wrap around hollow tubes in our body, such as the digestive tract or blood vessels, with one layer running in a circular fashion around the tube and another layer running in a longitudinal fashion. d. Contraction of smooth muscles produces peristalsis, a “squeeze and pull” type of contraction.

Question 36

what are the characteristics of nervous tissue?

Answer 36

1. Consists of two major types of cells a. Neurons, which carry nerve impulse transmissions over nerve tracts. b. Neuroglial cells, which act as support cells for the neurons. 2. Neurons consist of a cell body, an axon and dendrites. These are cellular projections that pick up and transmit nerve impulses after a nerve stimulus.