Tissues 1&2

Question 1

Name some primary functions of epithelial tissue

Answer 1

• secretion
• absorption
• protects
• avoids dehydration

Question 2

What defines the function in epithelial cells?

Answer 2

The cells

Question 3

Name a secondary function of epithelial tissue

Answer 3

Forms glands

Question 4

What determines the functions of connective tissue

Answer 4

ECM proteins

Question 5

Give some examples of connective tissue

Answer 5

• liquid Blood
• solid bone
• Adipose ( fat cells and adipose cells)

Question 6

What is muscle tissues function?

Answer 6

Causes force to be generated and moves things

Question 7

Describe the composition of a muscle cell

Answer 7

Long, thin cells with actin, myosin and mitochondria

Question 8

Name some other functions of muscle tissue

Answer 8

Close down spaces eg bladder

Operates blood pressure

Question 9

Name the 3 main types of muscle

Answer 9

Smooth, skeletal and cardiac

Question 10

What does nervous tissue do?

Answer 10

Integrate information around the body allowing emotion, memory etc.

Question 11

What is grey matter?

Answer 11

Cell bodies of neurons

Question 12

What is white matter?

Answer 12

Myelin (glial cells)

Question 13

3 ways epithelial tissue maintains coverage of surfaces

Answer 13

no contact inhibition
cell - cell junctions
cell-ECM junction

Question 14

Name the 3 cell-cell junctions and a brief summary

Answer 14

• desmosome (strong, intermediate filaments)
• tight junction ( waterproof)
• Gap junction ( allow movement of ions)

Question 15

Hemidesmosomes

Answer 15

Basement membrane - intermediate filaments

Question 16

Basement membrane

Answer 16

Basal lamina and apical lamina

Question 17

Do all epithelium cells sit on a basement membrane?

Answer 17

Yes

Question 18

What happens when there is a defective basal lamina?

Answer 18

Skin flakes off

Question 19

What is the function of thick epithelial tissue

Answer 19

Wear and tear eg skin

Question 20

What Is the function of thin epithelial tissue?

Answer 20

Diffusion eg capillaries

Question 21

Cilia

Answer 21

Fingerlike projections from apical side
9+2 arrangement
Movement

Question 22

Microvilli

Answer 22

Increase surface area - short and thin

Supported by actin microfilaments

Question 23

Why are skin stem cells used in MND patients?

Answer 23

Good regenerative powers to create motor neurons

Question 24

Simple epithelium tissue

Answer 24

• squamous - pavelike, diffusion
• cuboidal - secretion
• columnar - secretion

Question 25

Stratified epithelium

Answer 25

- squamous, cuboidal, columnar - salivary gland | - transitional - spherical, protective, urethra

Question 26

Pseudostratified

Answer 26

Look stratified but not as nuclei at different levels eg trachea

Question 27

What are glands?

Answer 27

Collection of secretory epithelial cells

Question 28

Exocrine

Answer 28

Spill out into gut, liver secretes through tubes

Question 29

Endocrine

Answer 29

Hormones into blood, no tubes

Question 30

Development of exocrine glands

Answer 30

Proliferation of cells still in contact and invaginate and secretions out of a tube

Question 31

Development of endocrine glands

Answer 31

Loose contact with the surface and blood vessels grow

Question 32

Simple exocrine

Answer 32

Tubular - long thin straight watery | acinar - grape, secrete mucous

Question 33

Compound exocrine

Answer 33

Tubuloacinar - salivary glands

Question 34

Mucous

Answer 34

Secretion rich in proteoglycans | Proteins with loads of sugar branches to absorb water

Question 35

Serous glands

Answer 35

Protein rich watery secretions eg exocrine/endocrine pancreas

Question 36

What does the exocrine pancreas release?

Answer 36

Digestive enzymes - blockage leads to pancreatitis

Question 37

What does the endocrine pancreas release?

Answer 37

Insulin - packaged in vesicles and released when needed

Question 38

Myoepithelial cells

Answer 38

Specialised epithelial cells which turn muscle cells that contract to help secretion of mucous

Question 39

Where are the nuclei in endocrine glands?

Answer 39

In base of cells towards the middle and excretion areas toward blood vessels

Question 40

What are lipid droplets the precursors for?

Answer 40

Steroid hormones from adrenal glands

Question 41

Where us all of the epithelial compartment work done by the liver?

Answer 41

Parenchyma on hepatocytes which arranged in rows to maximise blood flow to cells

Question 42

What do support cells do?

Answer 42

Accumulate and go to digestive system to line bile ducts and blood vessels

Question 43

What do the kidneys do? epithelial component

Answer 43

Filter urine and is a big exocrine gland

Question 44

What does the cortex contain?

Answer 44

Nephrons and contains capsules

Question 45

Medulla of kidney

Answer 45

Made of collecting ducts for absorption and secretion

Question 46

What is the prox tube?

Answer 46

Kidneys secrete everything then take back in what they need through the prox tube to take from urine =>bladder

Question 47

What receives toxic urine?

Answer 47

Renal pelvis

Question 48

What do nephrons do?

Answer 48

Filter blood Partial absorption Release urine

Question 49

5 abnormal functions of epithelial cells

Answer 49

Over proliferation + over secretion under proliferation + under secretion Loss of cilia/ ciliary beat ==> smoking

Question 50

Abnormal functions of pituitary gland

Answer 50

Pituitary - prone to cancers | HGH - dwarfism/gigantism

Question 51

Abnormal function of uterine tube gland

Answer 51

Mucous gland - chlamydia | Thick mucus and egg cannot move - sterile

Question 52

Is connective tissue cellular?

Answer 52

No made from cells but not cells that secrete | Fluid, mineral deposits or fibrous proteins

Question 53

Examples of connective tissue

Answer 53

blood/bone marrow - loose, cartilage mucous reticular (collagen) Adipose tissue - fat

Question 54

Adipose

Answer 54

Intestine fat in mesentery and found in bone marrow, beneath skin Contains many small blood vessels and lipid droplets make membrane

Question 55

ECM components

Answer 55

Fibres ==> insoluble collagen in tendons and skin ground substance eg dissolved albumin Tissue fluid

Question 56

Collagen fibres

Answer 56

30% body weight, rope like and strong type 1 - tendons type 3 - reticulin type 4 - underneath epithelial

Question 57

Reticulin fibres

Answer 57

Force blood around lymph

Question 58

Elastic fibres

Answer 58

Won't stretch but bend around aorta | Protein elastin

Question 59

Fibroblast ==>?

Answer 59

Collagen

Question 60

Ground substance

Answer 60

Proteoglycans, glycoproteins and hyaluronic acid

Question 61

Loose connective tissue - permanent cells

Answer 61

Fibroblasts, undifferentiated mesenchymal cells, adipocyte, mast cells and macrophages

Question 62

Loose connective tissue - transient cells

Answer 62

RBC + WBC - pierce into connective loose tissue and move to lymph looking for bacteria

Question 63

Dense regular connective tissue

Answer 63

Tendon Thick collagen fibroblast Strength in one direction

Question 64

Dense irregular connective tissue

Answer 64

Sebaceous gland - skin | Irregular and convoluted

Question 65

Abnormal function of Blood/bone marrow

Answer 65

Leukaemia

Question 66

Abnormal function of loose/dense

Answer 66

Weak collagen and skin pulls off

Question 67

Abnormal function of cartilage

Answer 67

Tear - split collagen

Question 68

Abnormal function of Bone

Answer 68

Osteoporosis - minerals become thin and bone becomes brittle