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anatomy and physiology > tissues > Flashcards

tissues Flashcards

1
Q

what are the four primary tissues

A

1 epithelial
2 connective
3 muscle
4 nervous

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2
Q

epithelial

A

covers body surfaces
lines organs, body cavities and ducts
forms glands

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3
Q

connective

A

protects and supports the body and organs
keeps organs together
stores energy (fat)
immune function

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4
Q

muscle

A

movement

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5
Q

nervous

A

detects and respond to environment changes

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6
Q

ECF

A

fluid that doesn’t encompass fluid in the cells
ICF- fluid that fills the space btw tissue and cells
plasma- liquid portion of blood

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7
Q

how cells are held together ?

A 
via cell junctions which are intercellular connections btw adjacent cell membranes 
1 tight junctions 
2 adherent junctions 
3 desmosomes junctions
4 hemidesmosomes 
5 gap junctions
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8
Q

thigh junctions

A

adjacent plasma membrane
intercellular space (small)
strands of trans protein

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9
Q

adherent junctions( anchoring)

A

adjacent
microfilament actin- adhesion belt
como la ebilla de la correa- transmembrane glycoprotein cadherin
helps epithelial Tx resist separation during mechanical activity

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10
Q

desmosomes (anchoring)

A

2X anchoring plague - comprised of intermediate filaments
transmembrane glycoproteins: Cadherins
arranged like spot welds
contributes to mechanical stability of the tissue (outer layer of skin and cardiac tissue)

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11
Q

hemidesmosomes (anchoring)

A

. hemidesmosome
Only one anchoring plague*
transmembrane glycoproteins: integrin
fasten cells to each other or to extracellular proteins (basement membrane proteins)

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12
Q

gap junction

A

have connexons composed of connexin
channel proteins of adjacent cells connect
allow direct cell-cell transfer of small molecules (electrical and chemical signals)
*calcium ions in heart muscle

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13
Q

snail gene

A

activations of this gene suppresses cadherin production leading to dysplasia- tumor- metatarsi

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14
Q

epithelial tissue

A

covering and lining of epithelium(barrier membrane)

glandular epithelial- secretions and absorption.

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15
Q

epithelial 10 general features

A

1.) tightly packed
2.) form sheets single or multiples
3.) two surfaces apical or basal
4,) numerous cell junctions
5.) avascular
6.) basement membrane
7.) nerves supply usually present
8.) High capacity for mitosis
9.) diverse origin
10.) diverse functions

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16
Q

structure of epithelium

A

epical surface- top surface
lateral surfaces- sides- stick together
basal surface- bottom

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17
Q

structure under cell ?

A

basal laminar- attaches to basal surface of cell
reticular laminar- rough
connective tissue
in btw all of these layers you can find nerves and and blood vessels.

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18
Q

types of arrangements of layers

A

simples- one layer
pseudostratified- nucleus of cells don’t align
stratified- multiples layers

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19
Q

types of cell shape

A

squamous- flat
cuboidal- square
columnar- skinny

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20
Q

what are the two types of glandular cell

A

exocrine and endocrine

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21
Q

exocrine

A

secretion substances into a duct or a free surface
mucous, sweat and sebum, enzimes
goblet cells

22
Q

exocrine structural types

A 
simple- unbranched 
compound- branched 
unicellular or multicellular 
shape 
tubular- spiral  
acinar- rounded 
tubuloacinar- both rounded and tubular
23
Q

exocrine functional types

A

merocrine
apocrine
holocrine

24
Q

merocrine

A

most glandular cells
sweat glands are in this group
nucleus- routh er- golgi- secretory vesicle out of cell- secretion

25
apocrine
pinched off cell is secretion- mammary glands are this type
26
holocrine
cell division replaces lost cell - mature cell dies and becomes secretory product example is sebaceous gland
27
endocrine glands
secretes hormones into interstitial fluid which then diffuse into bloodstream. e.g pancreatic islet cells secretes insulin and glucagon into the blood thyroid gland
28
connective tissue
most abundant tissue in the body | made up Extracellular matrix (very complex)
29
blast cell
sprout- bud ( immature cell), derived from embryonic mesoderm. -fibroblast- fibers and ground substance -chondroblast- cartilage -osteoblast- bones blast are highly mitotic (divides fast)
30
cyst cell
``` mature cells reduced mitotic activity (don't divide fast) keep matrix chondrocyte- maintains cartilage osteocyte- maintains bone ```
31
six types of connective tissue
``` fibroblast plasma adipocytes mast cells leukocytes macrophages ```
32
extracellular matrix conforms of
1. ) fibers | 2. ) ground substances
33
grounds substances
occupies the space btw the cell and the fibers consistency varies liquid- semiliquid- gelatinous to hard blood- cartilage- bone support and bounds cells together provide medium for exchange of substances btw blood and tissue
34
ground substance components
water and other large organic mol. complex polysaccharides, etc hyaluronic acid- binds fibers and cells together second type of components are fibers collagen reticular
35
mesenchyme
all connective Tx of the fetus | mucous CT only in umbilical cord (Wharton's Jelly)
36
loose areolar tissue
most common of CT in body functions- strength, elasticity and support cell types- mast cells, fibroblast, plasma cells, macrophages (lots of cells)
37
loose adipose tissue
cell type adipocyte functions- energy storage, insolation, endocrine loc- subcutaneous layers of skin around heart and kidneys
38
loose reticular tissue
main fibers- reticular binding, scaffolding for soft tissue locations- lymph nodes and spleen
39
dense regular
functions- strong attachment btw structures loc- tendons and ligaments main fiber is collagen- looks like sand cell type fibroblast
40
dense irregular
dense collagen fibers irregularly arrange func. strength usually forms a sheet loc- facia, heart valves
41
dense elastic
fibroblast, little ground substance, funtion- allows stretching loc- lung tissue, hear valve, trachea, wall of arteria
42
cartilage
dense network of collagen and fibers embedded in rubbery ground substance perichondrium- in almost all cartilages, member that covers dense irregular connective tissue,
43
hyaline cartilage perichondrium)
most abundant, end of bones, bronchi, ribs, nose, trachea, larynx, trachea tubes , and fetus skeleton flexible, weakest form of cartilage
44
fibrocartilage (no perichondrium)
bundles of collagen fibers, ground substance rubbery, cell type- chondrocyte loc- knee caps, invertebrates disc. functions- strongest form of cartilage- support
45
elastic cartilage ( perichondrium)
flexibles support shape cartilage of ear chondrocyte, rubbery ground substance, bundles of elastic fibers
46
osseous tissue
``` main fibers- collagen ground substance- minerals, calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate. osteocytes formed from osteoblast support protection and shape loc- skeleton parece girasol ```
47
liquid CT ( blood and lymph)
main fibers are not present in circulating blood but forms blood clots liquid matrix blood cells- erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets lymph- similar to plasma but less protein
48
membranes
``` flat sheets of pliable tissue 1.) epithelium serous mucus cutaneous 2.) synovial ```
49
mucous membrane
lining cavities that opens to the outside- produce mucus- goblet cells. connective tissue is lamina propia
50
muscle tissue
skeletal, smooth, myocardial.
51
nervous tissue
neurons and neuroglia

anatomy and physiology (35 decks)

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