Tissues

Question 1

What are the different types of epithelial tissue?

Answer 1

Simple squamous
Simple cuboidal
Simple columnar
Stratified squamous
Stratified cuboidal
Stratified columnar
Psuedostratified columnar
Transitional

Question 1

What are epithelial tissues?

Answer 1

Layers of tissue that form linings, membranes and glands

Question 2

What is a simple squamous epithelial tissue?

Answer 2

Flat and wide with only 1 layer
e.g. alveoli - simple diffusion
Allows communication through the cell and create smooth flat surfaces to reduce friction

Question 2

What is simple cuboidal tissues?

Answer 2

Cube shaped
Found in glands and ducts for secretion

Question 3

What is a simple columnar tissue?

Answer 3

Taller than wide
e.g. lining of the stomach
Function = protection, secretion, absorption, allow metabolic processes to occur

Question 4

What is a stratified squamous tissue?

Answer 4

Layers of stem cells on the basement membrane so cells can be constantly replaced e.g. the skin
Provides physical, protection from abrasion and pathogens

Question 5

What is a stratified cuboidal tissue?

Answer 5

Rare - ducts
More protection, secretion
e.g. sweat gland duct

Question 6

What is a stratified columnar tissue?

Answer 6

e.g. a small area of the pharynx
Multiple layers for protection

Question 7

What is a pseudostratified columnar tissue?

Answer 7

A single layer of cells but with nuclei at different heights e.g. lining of nasal cavity and bronchi
Function - protection, secretion, move mucus with cilia

Question 8

What is a transitional epithelial?

Answer 8

E.g. urinary bladder
Stratified
Permits expansion and recoil after stretching

Question 9

What do all epithelial cells contain?

Answer 9

Basal surface
Basement membrane - helps continuous sheet of cells
Junctions between cells - can adhere together
Apical surface - may be an open surface

Question 10

What are microvilli?

Answer 10

Small fingerlike projections that increase surface area

Question 11

What are cilia?

Answer 11

Long, hair like projections to move substances along

Question 12

How do we classify exocrine glands?

Answer 12

Shape - tubular, coiled, branched, alveolar
Number ducts - either simple (1) or compound (many)

Question 13

What are the 3 methods of gland secretion?

Answer 13

Merocrine
Apocrine
Holocrine

Question 14

What is merocrine secretion?

Answer 14

Golgi apparatus packages
Produces vesicles which are released
e.g. sweat

Question 15

What is apocrine secretion?

Answer 15

A portion of the cytoplasm is shed e.g. mammary gland during lactation

Question 16

What is holocrine secretion?

Answer 16

Cell division replaces lost cells
Produces secretion increasing in size
Cells burst releasing secretion
e.g. sebaceous

Question 17

What do all connective tissues contain?

Answer 17

Cells e.g. fibroblasts, adipocytes, wbc
Fibres e.g. collagen, reticular, elastic
Ground substances e.g. fluid, gel

Question 18

How do connective tissues form?

Answer 18

From mesenchymal stem cells within the embryo

Question 19

What is adipose tissue?

Answer 19

Fat
Found under the skin, around the organs and in the breasts
Function - stores of energy, padding and cushioning, insulation

Question 20

What is reticular tissue?

Answer 20

Found in the liver, kidney
Supporting framework to keep things in the correct place

Question 21

What are the loose connective tissues?

Answer 21

Adipose
Reticular
Areolar tissue

Question 22

What are the dense connective tissues?

Answer 22

Regular
Irregular
Elastic

Question 23

What is regular connective tissue?

Answer 23

Collagen lined up in one direction e.g. tendons and ligaments Provides firm attachment, conducts pull of muscles, stabilises bones

Question 24

What is irregular tissue?

Answer 24

Large bundles of collagen e.g. capsules around organs, dermis Function - Provides strength to resist forces, prevents over expansion

Question 25

What is elastic tissue?

Answer 25

Elastic fibres in parallel e.g. ligaments in the vertebral column and blood vessel walls Function - stabilising, cushioning, permits expansion and contraction

Question 26

What are the different types of cartilage?

Answer 26

Hyaline Elastic Fibrocartilage

Question 27

What is hyaline cartilage?

Answer 27

Between tips of ribs and bones of sternum Have chondrocytes and lacunae Function - provides stiff but flexible support, reduces friction

Question 28

What is elastic cartilage?

Answer 28

Contains chondrocytes and lacunae and elastic fibres e.g. epiglotis, auricle of ear Function - provides support, tolerates distortion

Question 29

What is fibrocartilage?

Answer 29

e.g. pads within the knee or invertebral discs Function - resist compression, limits movement

Question 30

What is a lacunae?

Answer 30

The cavity where the cell sits

Question 31

What are the tissue membranes?

Answer 31

Mucous membrane Serous membrane Cutaneous membrane Synovial membrane

Question 32

What is the mucous membrane?

Answer 32

Secretions of muscous glands e.g. respiratory tract - trap pathogens, move mucus

Question 33

What is the serous membrane?

Answer 33

Line the ventral cavities/ organs Simple squamous cells, transudate (fluid) - areolar tissue

Question 34

What is the cutaneous membrane?

Answer 34

Skin Stratified squamous tissue, areolar tissue, dense irregular connective tissue

Question 35

What is the synovial membrane?

Answer 35

Line joint cavities - synovial fluid for the joint

Question 36

What is the superficial fasciae?

Answer 36

Between skin and organs - areolar tissue/ adipose

Question 37

What is the deep fascia?

Answer 37

Strong, fibrous - dense connective tissue

Question 38

What is the subserous fascia?

Answer 38

Between serous and deep fascia - areolar tissue

Question 39

What is skeletal muscle?

Answer 39

Striated appearance, attached to bone Under voluntary control - motor neuron, multinucleated, large cells

Question 40

What is cardiac muscle?

Answer 40

Walls of the heart Cells connected to each other by intercalated discs allowing transmission of electrical current Involuntary control - vagus nerve, smaller cells, controlled by pacemaker cells

Question 41

What is smooth muscle?

Answer 41

Blood vessels, gut Smaller spindle shaped cells Involuntary control - pacesetter cells, controlled by hormonal control

Question 42

How do neuroglia support neural tissue?

Answer 42

Maintain structure, repair tissues, phagocytosis, nutrients to neurons