Tissues

Question 1

What is included in the basement membrane and where can it be found?

Answer 1

This is the inferior layer of epithelia. It contains the basal lamina (secreted by epithelia) and the reticular lamina (secreted by adjoining connective tissue)

Question 2

What are CAM’s and where are they found?

Answer 2

CAM’s are Cell Adhesion Molecules found at tight junctions of epithelia; help to bind cells together.

Question 3

What tissue type is arranged into tight sheets?

Answer 3

Epithelial tissue

Question 4

What are the surface layer differences of epithelia?

Answer 4

Basal surface (deep), apical surface (exposed)

Question 5

Name the classification of epithelia?

Answer 5

Simple or stratified squamous, columnar, or cuboidal cell. Also Pseudostratified cilia (resp tract) and transitional (bladder).

Question 6

Mesothelium and Endothelium are part of which classification of epithelia?

Answer 6

Simple squamous. Meso (found lining cavities), Endo (found lining vessels & heart).

Question 7

Examples of stratified squamous epithelium? What are the two differentiations within this tissue type?

Answer 7

Keratinized - palms, hair shaft

Nonkeratinized - Mucousal like oral cavity, anus

Question 8

Give examples of simple and stratified cuboidal epithelium? What are their purposes?

Answer 8

Simple cuboidal - exocrine glands, ducts/tubules
Stratified cuboidal - RARE, sweat & mammary glands
Shape provides absorption, & secretion, little protection

Question 9

Give examples of simple and stratified columnar epithelium? What are their purposes?

Answer 9

Simple columnar - stomach, intestines, uterine tubes
Stratified columnar - RARE, Salivary ducts
Shape provides protection, absorption, & secretion

Question 10

What is glandular epithelia?

Answer 10

Epithelia that contains gland cells (not considered tissue on it’s own)

Question 11

What are the two forms of gland secretions?

Answer 11

Endocrine (in to vessels) and Exocrine (on to epithelial surface).

Question 12

What are the three types of exocrine glands and how do they work (basic level)?

Answer 12

Serous (watery, usu w/enzymes) and Mucous (mixes glycoprotein called mucins with water to form mucus on epithelium).

Question 13

Describe gland structures and common examples of some of them.

Answer 13

Unicellular = Peppered w/in, secrete mucin
- Mucous (stomach mucosa)
- Goblet (same, but has this name in intestines)
Multicellular = release into compartment & ducts
- Secretory sheet (folded columnar)
- Tubular coiled (Eccrine Sweat)
- Compound Alveolar (Mammary)
- Compound Tubular (Oral Mucous)
- Tubuloalveolar (Salivary)

Question 14

What is apocrine secretion?

Answer 14

“Apo”= off. Top part of cell cytoplams sheds off with secretion vesicles which release as they’re broken down).

Question 15

What is eccrine secretion?

Answer 15

The most common one, cell secretes onto surface by exocytosis. Ex., Serous and Goblet.

Question 16

What are goblet cells?

Answer 16

They are the name for mucous CELLS within the intestine.

Question 17

How are epithelial and connective tissues different?

Answer 17

Epithelial cells have little ECM and are mostly for protection, secretion, and absorption, while connective tissues have a more supportive, cushioning, CONNECTING purpose.

Question 18

All connective tissues have what?

Answer 18

Ground substance, EC protein fibers, specialized cells

Question 19

Describe the difference between the 3 main connective tissue types.

Answer 19

Proper- have lots of ECM, multiple fibers, and cells.
Fluid - Less fibers, lots interstitial fluids
Supportive - Sturdier, more collagen + calcium salts (bone)

Question 20

Compare connective tissue proper- dense vs loose.

Answer 20

Dense tissues include tendons, aponeuroses, ligaments, elastic tissue and dense irregular. These fibers are closer knit, and mostly collagen fiber arrangements.

Loose tissues include areolar, adipose, and reticular. These still have a good amount of ECM or elastin or adipose, making them more flexible. (??)

Question 21

Name the wandering cells? Where are they wandering?

Answer 21

Free macrophages, eosinophils, neutrophils, mast cells, and lymphocytes wander the connective tissue PROPER until called upon d/t infection, invader, etc.

Question 22

What are fixed cells? What are they fixed in to?

Answer 22

Macrophages, Fibroblasts, Fibrocytes, Adipocytes, Melanocytes, and Mesenchymal cells are fixed within the connective tissue PROPER. They provide maintenance, repair, and energy storage.

Question 23

What are the 4 types of tissue in the entire body?

Answer 23

Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, and Nervous.

Question 24

What kind of tissue are ligaments and tendons? What about bones? What about cartilage?

Answer 24

Ligaments & tendons are both forms of dense connective tissue. Their diff is in their connection, plus ligament have collagen AND elastic fibers.

Bones are supportive connective tissue. Connective because they’re 1/3 collagen (yes?)

Cartilage is another supportive connective tissue.

Question 25

What is fibrous cartilage and where is it found?

Answer 25

This is cartilage made up of more collagen fibers than hyaline and elastic. It's chondrocytes are far apart. Found in IVD's, parts of knee joint, and between pubic bones. (High stress areas).

Question 26

Hyaline cartilage is the _________ cartilage? | Strongest, weakest

Answer 26

Weakest. Fibrous cartilage is the strongest.

Question 27

Describe appositional versus interstitial growth of cartilage.

Answer 27

``` Appositional= growth on surface, chondoblasts-> chondrocytes Interstitial= Growth from w/in, division makes more matrix from inside ```