Tissues (a.k.a. Histology) Flashcards
1
Q
Basic Types of Tissue (including main functions)
A
- EPITHELIAL Tissue = protection by lining exposed surfaces and passageways, form glands, controls permeability
- CONNECTIVE Tissue = fills internal spaces, provides support, transport materials, stores energy
- MUSCLE Tissue = helps to produce movement
- NERVOUS = conducts electrical impulses and carries information
2
Q
Epithelial CLASSIFICATIONS
A
- Simple squamous
- (Keratinized or Non-keratinized) Stratified squamous
- Simple cuboidal
- Stratified cuboidal
- (Microvilli or Ciliated) Simple columnar
- (Microvilli or Ciliated) (Pseudo)stratified columnar [but actually is a simple epithelium]
- Transitional epithelium
- Glandular epithelium
3
Q
Epithelial Classifications + FUNCTIONS
A
- Allows absorption/secretion
- Physical protection
- Limited protection, absorption/secretion
- Protection, absorption/secretion
- Protection, absorption/secretion
- Protection, only secretion, and movement with cilia
- Stretching without damage
- Produce secretions
4
Q
Glandular Epithelium (Types and Structures)
A
Types: ENDOCRINE gland (secretes to bloodstream) and EXOCRINE gland (secretes to a duct)
Structures: simple/compounded TUBULAR and simple/compounded ALVEOLAR
5
Q
Methods of Secretion (Glandular Epithelium)
A
- Merocrine - vesicles go through exocytosis
- Apocrine - secretion gets pinched off the apex of the cell
- Holocrine - whole gland cell gets destroyed and releases its content
6
Q
Types of Secretion (Glandular Epithelium)
A
- Serous glands - watery solution
- Mucous glands - mucins (hydrates mucus)
- Mixed exocrine glands - contains one or more
7
Q
Population within Connective Tissues + Function
A
- Fibroblasts - secrete proteins
- Fibrocytes - maintain fibers
- Adipocytes - storage
- Mesenchymal cells - replaces damaged cells
- Melanocytes - produce melanin
- Macrophages - scavenger cells (finds foreigners and attacks)
- Mast cells - include granules, store histamine and heparin
- Lymphocytes - increases with damaged tissue; specific immunity
- Microphages - follows macrophages for backup
8
Q
Types of Fibers in Connective Tissues + Function
A
- Collagen fibers - withstand force
- Reticular fibers - resist forces in different directions
- Elastic fibers - allow for elasticity
9
Q
Types of Connective Tissue + Appearance + Function
A
- Dense regular
- appearance: tightly packed, parallel
- function: provides firm attachment, stabilizes, reduces friction
- includes: elastic tissue (which cushions shock and allow elasticity)
- examples: tendons, ligaments - Dense irregular
- appearance: irregular pattern, looks like crab meat
- function: resists forces from many directions
- examples: deep dermis - Loose connective
- types: AREOLAR tissue (which cushions organs, provide support, and defend against pathogens) and ADIPOSE tissue (provides padding, cushion, insulation, and storage), and RETICULAR tissue (provides support)
- appearance: messy web-like matrix and fat droplets and budding cherry blossoms, respectively
- examples: lining of digestive tracts and buttocks and bone marrow, respectively
10
Q
What is fasciae?
A
Spider-webbing between layers
11
Q
Types of Cartilage + Appearance + Function
A
- Perichondrium = tissue surrounding cartilage
- All cartilage has chondrocytes in lacunae
- Hyaline cartilage
- appearance: smooth, glassy matrix
- function: provide support and prevent friction
- example: on tips of bones (between joints) - Elastic cartilage
- appearance: messy, angry-eyes matrix
- function: to allow distortion without damage and allowing structure to revert back to original form
- example: ear and nose - Fibrocartilage
- appearance: fibrous matrix (like combed out wool fibers)
- function: resists compression and prevents bone-to-bone contact
- examples: intervetebral discs
12
Q
Types of Cartilage Growth
A
- Interstitial growth
- chondrocytes begin dividing WITHIN its own lacunae
- daughter cell secretes its own matrix (creating more cartilage)
- daughter cell creates its own lacunae and continues to separate - Appositional growth
- fibroblasts within the perichondrium divide and differentiate into chondrocytes
- the new chondrocytes secetes its own matrix (creating more cartilage)
- old chondrocytes makes its way deeper into the layers, while newer ones stay closer to the perichondrium
13
Q
Population within Bone (Osseous Tissue) + Function [MODIFIED FOR EXAM 2]
A
- Looks like tree trunks
1. Central canal - contains blood vessels for nutrient delivery
2. Osteocytes - bone cells
3. Canaliculi - passageways to get nutrients from central canal to osteocytes
4. Periosteum - tissue lining bones
5. Osteon - one full “tree trunk” with multiple concentric circles
6. Lamellae - each “tree ring”
7. Osteoblasts - builds bone
8. Osteoclasts - breaks down bone for resorption of Ca2+
14
Q
Function of Blood
A
- Transport gases from lungs
- Distribute nutrients from digestive tract and hormones
- Transport waste
- Immune diffense (with WBCs and platelets)
15
Q
Blood Components (Percentages)
A
60% = plasma and 40% = formed elements
99.9% of formed elements = RBCs
0.01% of formed elements = WBCs and platelets
[60-30-8-2-0….Never Let My Engine Blow] - white blood cell count
60% = neutrophils
30% = lymphocytes
8% = monocytes
2% = eosinophils
0% = basophils
