Tissues (Anatomy)

Question 1

what are tissues

Answer 1

many cells that are similar in structure and share functions

Question 2

what are the 4 major types of tissue and what do they do

Answer 2

Epithelium – covering/lining
Connective – support/ protection
Muscle – movement (not going to spend a lot of time rn)
Nervous – control/communication(not going to spend a lot of time rn)

Question 3

what are the two types of epithelial tissues (based on location)

Answer 3

Covering and lining epithelia–> On external and internal surfaces
-Glandular epithelia–> (glands are created by epithelial)

Question 4

Describe the Apical surface of epithelial tissue

Answer 4

-towards the lumen
– microvilli (e.g., brush border of the intestinal lining)
– cilia (e.g., lining of trachea)
Has things coming off of it
-cells have polarity

Question 5

describe the basal surface of epithelial tissue

Answer 5

– secrete basal lamina: Noncellular, glycoprotein, collagen
The bottom of tissue or the cell and it is always going to be attached

Question 6

describe the continuous sheets of closely packed cells

Answer 6

tight junctions, desmosomes

Question 7

what is epithelial tissue supported by

Answer 7

Supported by a connective tissue reticular lamina (under the basal lamina). Reticular & Basal = basement membrane

Question 8

does epithelial tissue have blood flow and is it inervated

Answer 8

-it does not have blood flow because it is not vasculature
-it is innervated

Question 9

explain the regeneration of epithelial tissue

Answer 9

-high rate of regeneration
-it goes through mitosis quickly (cancer can also be bc of quick mitosis )

Question 10

where do you find squamous epithelium and what is the functions of it

Answer 10

-skin
-lungs
-mouth
-found in places where we need a gas exchange (like the lungs) or things need to pass

Question 11

where do you find cuboidal epithelium and what is the function of it

Answer 11

-kidney
-glands
-ovaries
-synonymous with glands or filtration systems

Question 12

where do you find columnar epithelium and what is the function of it

Answer 12

-larynx
-digestive tract

Question 13

where is stratified squamous epithelium

Answer 13

-where there is friction or constant touching like the oral cavity and our own skin

Question 14

what is a gland

Answer 14

epithelial tissues specialized to synthesize and secrete a product

Question 15

what is a gland classified by

Answer 15

-the site of product release (exocrine or endocrine)
-relatice number of cells forming the gland (unicellular (e.g. goblet cells, that secrete mucus)
-multicellular

Question 16

what are exocrine glands

Answer 16

(outside or outward) - hollow organ or duct; the action of the product is local
Salivary, mucous, sweat, oil glands

Question 17

what are endocrine glands

Answer 17

(within) blood stream; travels great distance to target
Pituitary gland, ovary, testes

Question 18

what do membranes consist of

Answer 18

epithelial tissue and connective tissue; therefore, are simple organs

Question 19

what are membranes and list them

Answer 19

-Membranes are simple organs
-Cutaneous Membrane
-Mucous Membranes
-Serous Membranes

Question 20

Describe the epithelial membranes

Answer 20

-Cutaneous membrane
-skin
-Dry
-Epridermis(epilithial tissue) and dermis (connective tissue)

Question 21

Describe mucous membranes

Answer 21

Mucous membranes or “mucosae”
Line body cavities open to the exterior (e.g. GI and respiratory tracts
Wet
Epithelial sheet over lamina propria

Question 22

Describe the serous membranes, what organs are in it and what are the different types

Answer 22

-aka serosae
-basic job is to reduce friction which is why it is around things that move
-membranes (mesothelium + areolar tissue) in a closed ventral body cavity
-Pleurae (lungs)
-Pericardium(heart)
-Peritoneum(abdomen)
Parietal Serosae: line internal body walls (the part that does not touch the organ)
All of these organs move!!

-Visceral Serosae: cover internal organs (part that does touch the organs)

Question 23

what are the subdivisions of connective tissue proper

Answer 23

-loose connective tissue and dense connective tissue

Question 24

what are the different kinds of connective tissue

Answer 24

-connective tissue proper
-bone tissue
-blood
-cartilage

Question 25

what are loose connective tissues

Answer 25

-areolar
-adipose
-reticular
-adipose( also referred to as specialized CT)

Question 26

what are the subclasses of bone tissue

Answer 26

-compact bone and spongy bone

Question 27

what are the subdivisions of cartilage

Answer 27

-hyaline cartilage
-elastic cartilage
-fibrocartilage

Question 28

what are the major functions of connective tissue

Answer 28

1. Binding and support(ligaments–> connect bone to bone and tendons–> bone to muscle)
2. Protection(think dorsal cavity
3. Insulation (adipose) also protects because of the fat
4. Transportation(blood)

Question 29

what are the major components of connective tissues

Answer 29

tissues vary in ratio
1. extracellular matrix: made up of ground substance
-Fibers (make up the matrix)
2. Cells

Question 30

what is the ground substance

Answer 30

-medium through which solutes diffuse between blood capillaries and cells
-Contains interstitial fluid and proteins
-Variable amounts of water
-Varying viscosity

Question 31

what are the fibers in connective tissues

Answer 31

-collagen (white fibers)
-eleastic
-reticular

Question 32

what is collagen

Answer 32

-a fiber that makes up the connective tissue
-white fibers under a microscope
-Strongest (tensile strength) and most abundant
-Most common

Question 33

what are elastic fibers

Answer 33

-a fiber that makes up the connective tissue
-Networks of long, thin, elastic fibers

Question 34

what are reticular fibers

Answer 34

-a fiber that makes up the connective tissue
- Short, fine, highly branched collagenous fibers

Question 35

what does fibrous connective tissue do

Answer 35

Fibrous connective tissue connect body parts, provide strength, flexibility and support

Question 36

describe the cells of connective tissue

Answer 36

• Mitotically active and secretory cells = “blasts”
• Mature cells = “ cytes ”

Question 37

what are fibroblasts

Answer 37

-in connective tissue proper actively dividing and secreting (collagen)

Question 38

what are chondroblasts and chondrocytes

Answer 38

-Chondroblasts and chondrocytes in cartilage (chondro- cartilage)

Question 39

what are osteoblasts and osteocytes

Answer 39

Osteoblasts and osteocytes in- bone (osteo- bone)

Question 40

what are adipocytes

Answer 40

fat cells

Question 41

what are the subdivisions of dense connective tissue

Answer 41

-Dense regular
-Dense irregular
-Elastic

Question 42

what are the types of specialized connective tissues

Answer 42

-Cartilage
-bone
-Adipose Tissue (connective tissue proper)
-blood
-Each provide specialized functions

Question 43

describe hyaline cartilage

Answer 43

most common, precursor to the bones. Purple bc there is collagen in it, lines the ends of the bones that have joints

Question 44

Describe elastic cartilage

Answer 44

find it in places that need to bend and come back to normal shape

Question 45

Describe fibrocartilage

Answer 45

combo between hyaline and elastic. Can absorb force and still be strong. Found between our vertebrae, knees, and pubic bone

Question 46

Describe adipose tissue

Answer 46

-Adipose tissue is highly specialized for fat storage

-Few connective tissue fibers and almost no ground substance

-Located under the skin
-Insulation and protective layer around internal organs
stores energy in form of fat

Question 47

Describe muscle tissue

Answer 47

-Highly vascular; cells contain myofilaments that allow contraction
-Responsible for most types of movement
-Muscle cells possess myofilaments (actin and myosin proteins) that are responsible for contractions
-there are 3 types

Question 48

what are the 3 types of muscle tissue

Answer 48

-Skeletal muscle
-Cardiac muscle
- Smooth muscle