Tissues (Anatomy) Flashcards by Luna Montesinos

what are tissues

many cells that are similar in structure and share functions

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what are the 4 major types of tissue and what do they do

Epithelium – covering/lining
Connective – support/ protection
Muscle – movement (not going to spend a lot of time rn)
Nervous – control/communication(not going to spend a lot of time rn)

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what are the two types of epithelial tissues (based on location)

Covering and lining epithelia–> On external and internal surfaces
-Glandular epithelia–> (glands are created by epithelial)

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Describe the Apical surface of epithelial tissue

-towards the lumen
– microvilli (e.g., brush border of the intestinal lining)
– cilia (e.g., lining of trachea)
Has things coming off of it
-cells have polarity

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describe the basal surface of epithelial tissue

– secrete basal lamina: Noncellular, glycoprotein, collagen
The bottom of tissue or the cell and it is always going to be attached

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describe the continuous sheets of closely packed cells

tight junctions, desmosomes

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what is epithelial tissue supported by

Supported by a connective tissue reticular lamina (under the basal lamina). Reticular & Basal = basement membrane

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does epithelial tissue have blood flow and is it inervated

-it does not have blood flow because it is not vasculature
-it is innervated

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explain the regeneration of epithelial tissue

-high rate of regeneration
-it goes through mitosis quickly (cancer can also be bc of quick mitosis )

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where do you find squamous epithelium and what is the functions of it

-skin
-lungs
-mouth
-found in places where we need a gas exchange (like the lungs) or things need to pass

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where do you find cuboidal epithelium and what is the function of it

-kidney
-glands
-ovaries
-synonymous with glands or filtration systems

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where do you find columnar epithelium and what is the function of it

-larynx
-digestive tract

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where is stratified squamous epithelium

-where there is friction or constant touching like the oral cavity and our own skin

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what is a gland

epithelial tissues specialized to synthesize and secrete a product

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what is a gland classified by

-the site of product release (exocrine or endocrine)
-relatice number of cells forming the gland (unicellular (e.g. goblet cells, that secrete mucus)
-multicellular

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what are exocrine glands

(outside or outward) - hollow organ or duct; the action of the product is local
Salivary, mucous, sweat, oil glands

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what are endocrine glands

(within) blood stream; travels great distance to target
Pituitary gland, ovary, testes

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what do membranes consist of

epithelial tissue and connective tissue; therefore, are simple organs

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what are membranes and list them

-Membranes are simple organs
-Cutaneous Membrane
-Mucous Membranes
-Serous Membranes

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Describe the epithelial membranes

-Cutaneous membrane
-skin
-Dry
-Epridermis(epilithial tissue) and dermis (connective tissue)

Describe mucous membranes

Mucous membranes or “mucosae”
Line body cavities open to the exterior (e.g. GI and respiratory tracts
Wet
Epithelial sheet over lamina propria

Describe the serous membranes, what organs are in it and what are the different types

-aka serosae
-basic job is to reduce friction which is why it is around things that move
-membranes (mesothelium + areolar tissue) in a closed ventral body cavity
-Pleurae (lungs)
-Pericardium(heart)
-Peritoneum(abdomen)
Parietal Serosae: line internal body walls (the part that does not touch the organ)
All of these organs move!!

-Visceral Serosae: cover internal organs (part that does touch the organs)

what are the subdivisions of connective tissue proper

-loose connective tissue and dense connective tissue

what are the different kinds of connective tissue

-connective tissue proper
-bone tissue
-blood
-cartilage

what are loose connective tissues

-areolar -adipose -reticular -adipose( also referred to as specialized CT)

what are the subclasses of bone tissue

-compact bone and spongy bone

what are the subdivisions of cartilage

-hyaline cartilage -elastic cartilage -fibrocartilage

what are the major functions of connective tissue

1. Binding and support(ligaments--> connect bone to bone and tendons--> bone to muscle) 2. Protection(think dorsal cavity 3. Insulation (adipose) also protects because of the fat 4. Transportation(blood)

what are the major components of connective tissues

tissues vary in ratio 1. extracellular matrix: made up of ground substance -Fibers (make up the matrix) 2. Cells

what is the ground substance

-medium through which solutes diffuse between blood capillaries and cells -Contains interstitial fluid and proteins -Variable amounts of water -Varying viscosity

what are the fibers in connective tissues

-collagen (white fibers) -eleastic -reticular

what is collagen

-a fiber that makes up the connective tissue -white fibers under a microscope -Strongest (tensile strength) and most abundant -Most common

what are elastic fibers

-a fiber that makes up the connective tissue -Networks of long, thin, elastic fibers

what are reticular fibers

-a fiber that makes up the connective tissue - Short, fine, highly branched collagenous fibers

what does fibrous connective tissue do

Fibrous connective tissue connect body parts, provide strength, flexibility and support

describe the cells of connective tissue

- Mitotically active and secretory cells = “blasts” - Mature cells = “ cytes ”

what are fibroblasts

-in connective tissue proper actively dividing and secreting (collagen)

what are chondroblasts and chondrocytes

-Chondroblasts and chondrocytes in cartilage (chondro- cartilage)

what are osteoblasts and osteocytes

Osteoblasts and osteocytes in- bone (osteo- bone)

what are adipocytes

fat cells

what are the subdivisions of dense connective tissue

-Dense regular -Dense irregular -Elastic

what are the types of specialized connective tissues

-Cartilage -bone -Adipose Tissue (connective tissue proper) -blood -Each provide specialized functions

describe hyaline cartilage

most common, precursor to the bones. Purple bc there is collagen in it, lines the ends of the bones that have joints

Describe elastic cartilage

find it in places that need to bend and come back to normal shape

Describe fibrocartilage

combo between hyaline and elastic. Can absorb force and still be strong. Found between our vertebrae, knees, and pubic bone

Describe adipose tissue

-Adipose tissue is highly specialized for fat storage -Few connective tissue fibers and almost no ground substance -Located under the skin -Insulation and protective layer around internal organs stores energy in form of fat

Describe muscle tissue

-Highly vascular; cells contain myofilaments that allow contraction -Responsible for most types of movement -Muscle cells possess myofilaments (actin and myosin proteins) that are responsible for contractions -there are 3 types

what are the 3 types of muscle tissue

-Skeletal muscle -Cardiac muscle - Smooth muscle