Tissues + Structures - Subcut Tissue, Raphes, Cartilages, Tendons, Ligaments.

Question 1

What is aerolar tissue?

Answer 1

Connective tissue which connects the skin to underlying structures.

Question 2

What is the panniculus adiposus?

Answer 2

Blanket of fat beneath the skin.

Question 3

What passes through the panniculus adiposus to get to the skin?

Answer 3

1. Blood vessels.
2. Nerves.
3. Lymphatics.

Question 4

What occurs in the panniculus adiposus?

Answer 4

Panniculus carnosus.

Question 5

What is the panniculus carnosus?

Answer 5

Flat sheets of muscle.

Question 6

What is the purpose of panniculus carnosus?

Answer 6

To allow for muscle fibre to be attached to skin and then also deep fascia or bone.

Question 7

What areas is the panniculus carnosus well developed?

Answer 7

1. Platysma muscle.
2. Palmaris brevis (remnants).
3. Corrugator cutis ani.
4. Dartos sheet of scrotum.
5. Subareolar muscle in nipple.

Question 8

What makes up deep fascia?

Answer 8

Fibrous tissue.

Question 9

What does deep fascia do?

Answer 9

Covers limbs and body wall.

Question 10

Does the deep fascia vary in thickness?

Answer 10

Yes it does.
1. Fascia lata - very well developed.
2. Rectus sheath and external oblique aponeurosis - thin.
3. Face and ischioanal fossa - absent.

Question 11

How does deep fascia connect to bone?

Answer 11

It never passes freely over bone but is always anchored firmly to the periosteum.

Question 12

What is the purpose of the deep fascia?

Answer 12

Attachment of the skin by way of fibrous strands in the subcutaneous tissue.

Question 13

Where does deep fascia get its nerve supply from?

Answer 13

Overlying skin. Nerves to the muscles do not supply the investing layer of deep fascia.

Question 14

What is a ligament?

Answer 14

Dense connective tissue (white fibrous tissue - mainly collagen) band that connects bone to bone.

Question 15

What is a ligaments physical property?

Answer 15

Non-elastic and unstretchable.

Question 16

What happens if the ligaments stretch too much?

Answer 16

Then mobility which was not previously possible can occur e.g. contortionists.

Question 17

Why are ligaments arranged they are?

Answer 17

So that they are never subjected to prolonged strain. Except sacroiliac ligaments and intervertebral discs.

Question 18

What is the second type of ligament?

Answer 18

Ligament made of elastic tissue that can regain its former length after stretching.

Question 19

What is the colour of this 2nd ligament?

Answer 19

Yellow.

Question 20

Where can you find this 2nd type of ligament?

Answer 20

1. Ligamenta flava - laminae of vertebrae.
2. Ligaments of joints of the auditory ossicles.

Question 21

What do tendons do?

Answer 21

Attach muscle to bone.

Question 22

What shape can tendons have?

Answer 22

1. Cylindrical.
2. Flat.

Question 23

Where do tendons get their blood supply from?

Answer 23

Vessels which descend from muscle belly and anastomose with vessels coming from the periosteum at the bony attachment.

Question 24

What happens to blood supply in long tendons?

Answer 24

Intermediate vessels from a neighbouring artery will join the longitudinal anastomoses.

Question 25

What is a synovial sheath?

Answer 25

Sheath that covers a tendon, especially when the tendon loops or is a pulley.

Question 26

Where does the parietal layer of the sheath attach to?

Answer 26

Surrounding structures.

Question 27

Where does the visceral layer of the sheath attach to?

Answer 27

Tendon.

Question 28

What allows the two layers of the sheath to glide over each other?

Answer 28

Synovial fluid - secreted by lining cells of the sheath.

Question 29

Do the layers of the synovial sheath fully close up?

Answer 29

No - there is a space that allows for blood vessels to enter into the tendon. (Like a sausage in a bun).

Question 30

What is a raphe?

Answer 30

Interdigitation of the short tendinous ends of fibres of flat muscle sheets.

Question 31

What can raphe do?

Answer 31

They can elongate passively by separation of its attached ends.

Question 32

What is the purpose of a raphe?

Answer 32

To allow for stretch in places that need to be stretched e.g. mandible.

Question 33

What are examples of raphe?

Answer 33

1. Pterygomandibular raphe. 2. Mylohyoid. 3. Pharyngeal. 4. Anococcygeal.

Question 34

What is cartilage?

Answer 34

Dense connective tissue in which cells and fibres are embedded in a firm ground substance or matrix.

Question 35

What are the types of cartilage?

Answer 35

1. Hyaline. 2. Fibrocartilage. 3. Elastic.

Question 36

What does hyaline cartilage do?

Answer 36

1. Cover the articular surfaces of typical synovial joints. 2. Forms epiphyseal growth plates of growing bones.

Question 37

Describe the vascular nature of cartilage?

Answer 37

Cartialge is avascular for hyaline and elastic - capable of small amount of deformation. It has a certain resistance to fracture. Fibrocartilage has ordinary blood supply but is sparse due to metabolic rate being low.

Question 38

What happens when cartilage is damaged?

Answer 38

It is repaired by formation of fibrous tissue, not new cartilage.

Question 39

When can new cartilage be formed?

Answer 39

New cartialge can develop by the differentiation of osteochondrogenic cells.

Question 40

What is fibrocartilage?

Answer 40

Cartilage that is similar to ligaments and tendons.

Question 41

What does fibrocartilage contain?

Answer 41

Small islands of cartilage cells and ground substance between the collage bundles.

Question 42

Where is cartilage found?

Answer 42

1. Intervertebral discs. 2. Labrum of shoulder and hip joints. 3. Menisci of knee joint. 4. Articular surfaces of clavicle and mandible. 5. Attachment sites of tendons to bone epiphses - leave a smooth marking on bone.

Question 43

What happens to hyaline cartilage and fibrous cartilage with age?

Answer 43

Calcify and ossify.

Question 44

What is elastic cartilage?

Answer 44

Ground substance that contains large numbers of elastic fibres.

Question 45

What is the purpose of elastic cartilage?

Answer 45

Cartilage that can be easily distorted and can easily spring back to original shape at reast.

Question 46

Where can you find elastic cartilage?

Answer 46

1. Epiglottis. 2. Pinna. 3. Auditory tube.

Question 47

Can elastic cartilage ossify or calcify?

Answer 47

No.