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UOP > tk test 1 fall 2023 > Flashcards

tk test 1 fall 2023 Flashcards

1
Q

which system to produce ATP will only last about 5 seconds?

A

ATP-PC system

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2
Q

what is the predominant system to produce ATP during a cross country race?

A

Kreb’s cycle and electron transport system (chain)

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3
Q

which all out activity would primarily used glycolysis to produce ATP for that activity

A

400 meter

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4
Q

what is the net gain from one glucose molecule going through glycolysis (pyruvate, NADH, ATP

A

2 pyruvate, 2 NADH, 2 ATP

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5
Q

How many pyruvate are produced from one glucose going through glycolysis

A

2

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6
Q

how many carbon atoms are in an acetyl molecule?

A

2

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7
Q

what happens to the number of carbon atoms as pyruvate is transformed into acetyl?

A

loss of one carbon atoms

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8
Q

how many acetyl-coA can enter the kreb’s cycle going through glycolysis

A

2

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9
Q

what is produce from one turn of the Kreb’s cycle

A

1 ATP, 3 NADH, 1 FADH, 2 CO2

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10
Q

how many Hydrogen are pumped across the inter-mitochondrial membrane as one NADH goes through the electron transport system (chain)?

A

6

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11
Q

which system produces the largest amount of ATP?

A

Electron transport system (chain)

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12
Q

what makes the ATPase turn

A

Hydrogen moving from high concentration to lower concentration

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13
Q

how many ATP are produced for one complete turn of the ATPase

A

3

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14
Q

How many turns will the ATPase do for NADH going through the electron transport system

A

1

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15
Q

during a high intensity activity, which is true about oxygen at the end o the electron transport system

A

not enough oxygen is getting to the end of the electron transport system, to maintain the demand for the ATP production

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16
Q

which causes an increase in glycogen production?

A

increase rate of glucose entering the cell, decreased rate of glycolysis

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17
Q

while performing a constant activity, at approximately what time will a person have insufficient glucose to continue glycolysis

A

90 minutes

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18
Q

define oxygen consumption

A

the ability to deliver and use oxygen

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19
Q

which is the lag in oxygen uptake at the beginning of exercise

A

oxygen deficit

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20
Q

which is when the oxygen supply to the end of the electron transport system meets the demand to produce ATP

A

steady-state

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21
Q

define VO2 max

A

maximal ability to deliver and use oxygen

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22
Q

which is the elevated oxygen consumption for several minutes immediately following exercise

A

EPOC

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23
Q

which is one of the “rapid” factors contributing to EPOC

A

resynthesis of PC in muscle

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24
Q

what makes an activity a high intensity exercise

A

the inability to achieve steady state

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25
Q

why can a person not achieve steady state

A

VO2 cannot meet the demand required for ATP production

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26
Q

define lactate threshold

A

point that blood lactate suddenly rises rapidly during incremental exercise

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27
Q

which is not a mechanism that causes lactate threshold

A

recruitment of slow-twitch muscle fibers

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28
Q

what causes the upward drift of oxygen uptake during prolonged exercise in a hot and humid environment?

A

increased body temperature, increased epinephrine and norepinephrine

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29
Q

what is the purpose of the respiratory exchange ratio (RER)

A

estimate fat and CHO as fuel source

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30
Q

if the fuel source to produce ATP comes 50% from fat and 50% from carbohydrate, the RER will be

A

.85

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31
Q

what is the primary fuel source used to produce ATP at less than 30% of VO2 max

A

fat

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32
Q

as the intensity of exercise increased the primary fuel used to produce ATP

A

shifts from fat to carbs

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33
Q

list two reasons why the fuel source used to produce ATP shifts from carbs to fats as the duration exercise increases

A

slow rise in epinephrine, upregulaton of oxidative enzyme or increase in lipase activity

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34
Q

what is the purpose of the multiple layers of connective tissue that surround the whole muscle, fascicle and each individual muscle fiber

A

to transmit the force generated at the sarcomere to the bone

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35
Q

what is the purpose of the transverse tubule (t-tubule)

A

to bring the propagation of the action potential into the inferior of the muscle cell

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36
Q

at the neuromuscular junction, what is the neurotransmitter that is released into the synaptic cleft to cause the sarcolemma to depolarize

A

acetylcholine (Ach)

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37
Q

which binds to troponin to shift the tropomyosin and uncover the active sites and the actin

A

calcium (Ca)

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38
Q

what is released from the cross-bridge head during the power stroke

A

ADP

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39
Q

what causes the release of the cross-bridge head form the active site on the actin

A

the binding of ATP to the cross-bridge head

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40
Q

what is the definition of a muscle twitch

A

the tension (force) generating response from one single motor neuron stimulation of a motor unit

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41
Q

which frequency of stimulation would produce the greatest force production

A

100 hz

42
Q

for an isometric contraction the sarcomeres are what

A

shortening

43
Q

which is described as the muscle getting longer as its contracting because the internal force generated is less than the external resistance

A

eccentric

44
Q

which muscle fiber type has the largest cross section area

A

fast

45
Q

which muscle fiber type has the most mitochondria, capillaries and myoglobin

A

slow

46
Q

what is the predominant muscle fiber type of mile runners

A

fast oxidative glycolytic

47
Q

with any type of training muscle fiber types shift towards

A

fast oxidative glycolytic

48
Q

define optimal length

A

length at which the maximum number of cross bridges can attach

49
Q

a muscle can generate a greater force at what velocities

A

lower

50
Q

when using the same muscles, why are eccentric contractions stronger that concentrations

A

as the muscle is pulled longer the cross bridges are stretched to a longer length that allows other cross bridges to move into to position to attached to active sites on actin

51
Q

when a Golgi tendon organ is stimulated, what does it tell the same muscle To do

A

inhibits contraction

52
Q

which of these types of activities would causes the greater delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS)

A

running

53
Q

which type of treatment may have some effect to decrease DOMS

A

NSAIDS

54
Q

what is the correct pathway for blood through the heart, lungs and body

A

left ventricle, aorta, system circulation, right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary circulation, left atrium

55
Q

what are all the functions of the cardiovascular system

A

transport oxygen, transport nutrients to tissues,
regulation of body temp
removal of waste

56
Q

define cardiac output

A

the amount of blood pumped by the heart each minute

57
Q

does diastole or systole represent the relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle?

A

diastole

58
Q

as heart rate increases, what happens to the cardiac cycle

A

the time for diastole decreases to a greater extent that the time for systole

59
Q

define blood pressure

A

the pressure exerted on the walls of the arteries

60
Q

which are korotkoff sounds

A

the sound of turbulent blood flow through arteries

61
Q

what is the formula to calculate the aver pressure in arteries

A

diastolic + 1/3 (systolic - diastolic)

62
Q

what increases arterial blood pressure

A

increase in blood volume
increase in stroke volume
increase in blood viscosity
increase in HR
increase in peripheral resistance

63
Q

list the path of the electrical activity through the heart

A

atrial myocardium- arterioventricular node- atrioventricular bundle- bundle of his- left and right bundle branches- purkinje fibers

64
Q

which part of an eectrocardiogram (EKG) represents the atrial repolarization

A

QRS

65
Q

what factors increase cardiac output

A

decrease in mean arterial pressure, increase in end-diastolic volume, increase in contraction strength of the myocardium

66
Q

what increases end-diastolic volume by creating a negative pressure in the thoracic cavity?

A

respiratory pump

67
Q

how does stroke volume change during exercise as % VO2 max increases?

A

linear increase until 40% VO2 max then plateau

68
Q

what happens to diastolic blood pressure as the intensity of exercise increases

A

remains the same

69
Q

what does the redistribution of blood flow look like during heavy exercise

A

approx. 5x increase in cardiac output, blood flow to muscles and heart increase and blood flow to skin and GI tract is decreased

70
Q

What causes the increase in heart rate (HR) during prolonged exercise in a hot/humid environment?

A

Dehydration

Increase blood flow to skin

Decrease stroke volume

71
Q

What is primary method for fats to enter the bioenergetic pathways

A

Into the Krebs cycle through beta-oxidation

72
Q

What is produced in the Krebs cycle for one glucose that enters glycolysis?

A

6 NADH, 2 FADH, 2 ATP, and 2 CO2

73
Q

What should be the appropriate response for blood pressure as exercise intensity increases?

A

Diastolic should remain the same while systolic should increase

74
Q

define cellular respiration

A

use of oxygen in bioenergetics

75
Q

which pleura membrane adheres to the inside of the thoracic walls (parietal or visceral)

A

parietal

76
Q

what are the parts of the conducting zone

A

nasal cavity, trachea, brooches, terminal bronchioles ***

77
Q

doing breathing at rest, what causes exhalation

A

stetch of thoracic cavity, muscles, and surface tension of liquid lining the aveoli

78
Q

define pulmonary ventilation

A

air moved in or out of the lungs per minute

79
Q

give the formula for pulmonary ventilation

A

V=Vt x F

80
Q

what is the amount of gas moved per breath

A

tidal volume

81
Q

which is the volume of air expired in one second

A

FEV1

82
Q

what is the volume of air left in the lungs after a maximum expiration

A

residual volume

83
Q

true or false: gas exchange takes place in the conducting zone

A

false

84
Q

what percent of oxygen is transported in the blood bound to hemoglobin

A

99%

85
Q

what percentage of carbon dioxide is transported dissolved in the blood?

A

10%

86
Q

what has a higher affinity for oxygen

A

Myoglobin

87
Q

which way does the equation go for muscle activity ?

A

right

88
Q

how is most of carbon dioxide transported in the blood?

A

as bicarbonate

89
Q

which type of molecule is capable of combing with H ion?

A

base

90
Q

what is normal blood pH

A

7.4

91
Q

define a buffer

A

resist a change in pH

92
Q

which are extracellular blood buffers

A

proteins, hemoglobin, bicarbonate

93
Q

during heavy exercise how do we get rid of most of the increase in hydrogen

A

blown off as carbon dioxide

94
Q

while detraining, what causes the initial decrease in SV?

A

rapid loss of plasma volume in blood

95
Q

after 21 days, what happens to a-vO2 diff. and mitochondria

A

both decrease

96
Q

what is the primary energy source for anaerobic training

A

ATP-PC and Glycolysis

97
Q

what junction does not seem to be a site of fatigue

A

Neuromuscular junction

98
Q

define fatigue

A

inability to maintain a peer output or force during repeated muscle contractions

99
Q

during short term performance (<10 sec) what muscle fiber type generates great forces that are needed

A

type II

100
Q

what is the recommended body fat % for both men and women

A

men: 10-20%
women: 15-25^

UOP (23 decks)

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