TMS

Question 1

TMS

Answer 1

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Question 2

What does TMS use?

Answer 2

Electromagnetic coil to induce an electric field over scalp

Question 3

What happens to the neurons in TMS?

Answer 3

The membrane potentials are modified which depolarises them synchronously which changes the probability that it’ll fire.

Question 4

How do the neurons fire?

Answer 4

They fire in a random pattern rather than coherently

Question 5

Bersani et al., 2013 …

Answer 5

Finding newer deeper TMS methods which will allow for alterations of functions in subcortical regions.

Question 6

What areas of the brain is affected by TMS?

Answer 6

Cortical areas

Question 7

What is Single-pulse TMS?

Answer 7

A magnetic coil that switches polarity at a steady electrical pulse which induces short term changes in the brain.

Question 8

rTMS stands for?

Answer 8

Repetitive TMS

Question 9

What is rTMS?

Answer 9

a magnetic coil that changes polarity at a rapidly increasing speed, switching between positive and negative in microseconds.

Question 10

What is the difference between rTMS and sTMS?

Answer 10

rTMS creates a stronger electromagnetic induction and therefore potentially solidifies longer lasting change in the brain.

Question 11

Brief advantages of TMS?

Answer 11

confirm findings that brain regions play critical roles in specific functions.

Provide info on how brain reorganises itself with learning or sensory deprivation.

Question 12

One example of sensory deprivation

Answer 12

Braille case where blind individuals visual cortex interrupted their braille reading

Question 13

Case study on sensory deprivation?

Answer 13

Cohen et al., 1997

Question 14

Brief disadvantages of TMS?

Answer 14

can induce mild headaches, twitches and nausea

Question 15

Anderson et al., 2006

Answer 15

reported side effects of TMS.

Question 16

Wassermann et al., 1996

Answer 16

patients and neurologically intact individuals can get seizures as side effect of TMS

Question 17

Sayar et al., 2013

Answer 17

Depression and rTMS

Question 18

Who did Sayar et al., 2013 test on?

Answer 18

Elderly clinically depressed patients

Question 19

In the depression study, what brain region was treated?

Answer 19

left prefrontal cortex

Question 20

What percentage showed improvement in mood from TMS treatment?

Answer 20

58.46%

Question 21

How many patients were tested in the depression study?

Answer 21

65

Question 22

HAMD

Answer 22

Hamilton Depression Rating Scale

Question 23

What did George et al., 1995 find?

Answer 23

low-frequency rTMS more effective than single pulse and low frequency rTMS.

Question 24

In non-clinical conditions, what can TMS be used for?

Answer 24

Cognitive enhancement

Question 25

What did Farah et al., 2014 show?

Answer 25

Normal individuals only showed short changes in cognitions and behaviours in non-clinical conditions

Question 26

Who found the double dissociation in cognitive enhancement through TMS?

Answer 26

Iuculano and Kadosh, 2013.

Question 27

What regions of the brain were tested to find the double dissociation in cognitive enhancement?

Answer 27

posterior parietal cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

Question 28

What happened when they stimulated the posterior parietal cortex?

Answer 28

the numerical learning was enhanced, and the automaticity of learned material was impaired.

Question 29

What happened when they stimulated dorsolateral prefrontal cortex?

Answer 29

impaired the learning process and automaticity for learned material was enhanced

Question 30

What does double dissociation show in regards to TMS?

Answer 30

that cognitive enhancement can occur but at the expense of other cognitive functions.

Question 31

What does the literature on non-clinical use of TMS suggest?

Answer 31

a placebo effect on cognitive enhancement and is not as valid as research on clinical conditions.