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Question

Environmental factors stopping Malawi developing

Answer 1

Landlocked - Malawi has no coastline, so no port from which to export or import goods. Lilongwe, the capital, has contaminated water supplies and rapid squatter settlements(slums), which along with air pollution reduced the life expectancy and productivity of workers.

Answer 2

Malawi always loses money from trading - exports primary(raw material) products and imports secondary(manufactured) products Debt - from over borrowing in the 1970s. In 2004, Malawi was spending 9.6% of its national income on debt servicing, but only 4.6% on public health care.

Answer 3

Developing countries have increased vulnerability to natural disasters. They lack the capacity to adapt to climate-changed-induced droughts. Poor farming practices lead to environmental degradation(with raw materials exploited with limited economic benefit to developing countries and little concern for the environment).

Answer 4

1) Traditional society - Most people work in agriculture, but produce little surplus(extra food which they could sell): a subsistence economy. 2)Pre-conditions for take off: a shift from farming to manufacturing. Trade increases profits, which are invested into new industries and infrastructure.Agriculture produces cash crops for sale. A few low technology and labour-intensive manufacturing industries develop, with development of infrastructure like canals and railways. 3) Take-off: Rapid growth. Investment and technology create new manufacturing industries. Take-off requires investment from profits earned from overseas trade. Administrative systems(banking and trade growth) develop to support further growth. 4)Drive to maturity - a period of growth.Technology is used throughout the economy, with industries producing consumer goods. New industries replace the old, outdated zones. 5)Age of high mass consumption - period of comfort:consumers enjoy a wide range of goods, which keeps businesses going.

Answer 5

On what happened in many European countries, who have now reached the final stage. Rostow suggested countries further behind on the development path would move through the stages more quicjly than those countries before them. Rostow:development gap due to countries being at different stages of the model, with capitalism fundamental to economic development

Answer 6

Modernisation theory

Answer 7

Lack of explanation about progress of development from one stage to another

Answer 8

Believed historical trade/colonialism made countries poor in the first place as global economy rules are decided by the wealthy. The capitalist system of world trade meant rich countries sell their manufactured goods and services at high prices to developing countries, which in turn buy raw materials from developing countries at much lower prices.

Answer 9

Many countries in the developing world that weren't colonised e.g. Ethopia remain poor, whereas some former colonies such as Singapore are now developed. Countries like Tanzania following the socialist model have mostly remained poor. Rich country(neo-colonial) influences today may be positive e.g. aid without ties

Answer 10

Increase globalisation by linking countries through the production and sale of goods e.g. Nike employing people in Turkey to make trainers. Bring culture from country of origin to many different countries e.g. McDonalds brings western country(fast food and meat) to other countries. Promote culture of consumerism - where countries in emerging and developing countries earn money and want to buy the products they see in developed countries- making lifestyles similar and TNCs wealthier

Answer 11

Due to lower wage costs

Answer 12

Since 1990, Vietnam has seen rapid industrial growth, known as industrialisation, which has led to rapid changes. It's an economic and social process: Economically, money has been invested in factories, to turn primary products into secondary products, which adds value. Socially, it means workers moving from rural areas to urban cities as most secondary jobs are in urban factories.

Answer 13

Using low-tech solutions using local materials, labour and expertise to solve problems

Answer 14

Long daily routine meaning rural girls have little education and few complete primary school, particularly to collect fuelwood

Answer 15

Cow dung produces biogas, which is used for cooking by day, and powering electricity generators at night. The dung is fed into a brick, clay or concrete-lined pit that forms part of a biogas plant, which is sealed with a metal dome that ferments to produce methane piped into homes, as pressure builds.

Answer 16

Heat is instant, so cooking is quicker. There's no ash, so there's less cleaning. Cooking with gas produces smoke-free kitchens, unlike firewood.

Answer 17

Uneasy rainfall spread - between November and March, almost no rain falls across much of India, but between May and September, the monsoon brings heavy rain across India.

Answer 18

Intergovernmental Organisations

Answer 19

Is multipurpose, provides 3.5 billion litres of drinking water and hydroelectric power. A network of canals irrigates 1.8 million hectares of farmland in Gujarat, Maharashtra, Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh, states suffering drought causing loss of crops and animals each year.

Answer 20

Local residents - 234 villages have been flooded by the dam, forcing 320000 people out. Religious and historic sites in Western India have been flooded. Good quality farmland has heen flooded.

Answer 21

Delivers long term benefits needed by the poorest parts of a society

Answer 22

With Pakistan and China, which are both nuclear powers: India and Pakistan have fought four wars since partition over the Kashmir issue. HEP projects on India's side could take irrigation from farming areas of Pakistan that most need it, the main rivers in both countries rise in the mountains of Kashmir.

Answer 23

India's been motivated by the rapid development of other emerging nations like Malaysia, Indonesia and China. India's location in the Indian Ocean is essential to achieving its national interests: to become a hub of transport, communication and trade within its wider region.

Answer 24

Great range of different landscapes, from the Himalaya mountains in the north, the Thar or Great Indian Desert in the west and the jungles of the north-eas. India's major rivers are the Ganges and Godavari.

Answer 25

Indian monsoon: blows from the north-east during the cooler months, but from the south-west during the warmer months.

Answer 26

Indian society is divided into social ranks known as castes(determined at birth by their parents' status), with the so-called untouchables at the bottom of these social groupings with the most menial jobs.

Answer 27

Is a parliamentary democracy, with its Constitution guaranteeing the basic rights of citizens and prohibiting discrimination on the basis of religion, caste, sex or place of birth. India's divided into 29 states and seven union territories

Answer 28

Birthplace of Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism Diverse(2011, 78% of the population practised Hinduism,15% Islam, 2.5% Christianity,2% Sikhism) Has world's largest film industry:Bollywood(producing over 1200 films each year)

Answer 29

Some of the country's largest railway projects will be funded by FDI investment.

Answer 30

Total merchandise trade increased from $252 billion in 2006 to $794 in 2012. Oil, electronic goods and gold and silver are India's imports, while key exports are petroleum products, gems and jewellery.

Answer 31

Where a company moves service overseas because labour is cheaper

Answer 32

1) Call centres 2) Software development - Universities like Bangalore provide technically-qualified graduates who enable BT to develop and support its broadband product out of India. 3) Company administration e.g. accounting

Answer 33

Has Indian headquarters in New Delhi, thoughh software development occurs in Bangalore, where the Indian government offers reduced taxes to attract companies there. Changes in communications technology help companies like BT.

Answer 34

From 1990 to 2012, India's road sustem has nearly doubled in length from about 3 million km to over 6 million km, so people move around faster and more easily. Airports allow business leaders to arrive in India to invest in their TNCs Container ships from the many sea ports are transported all over the UK, Mumbai has India's largest container port. A 16.9km long freeway in India is being built to connect various parts of the city, allowing for easier flow and movement of people.

Answer 35

As the country developed, India sends AID to other developing countries like Bhutan, Nepal, Sri Lanka and Afghanistan. India's one of the few emerging countries to change from being aid recipients to a donor.

Answer 36

In India, school is free and compulsory for all children between the ages of 6 and 14. In 2009, the government made education free and compulsory at primary level, now 96% of pupils attend Better skills allow more money to be earnt.

Answer 37

In 1952, India became the first developing country to introduce a government-backed family planning programme to reduce the fertility rate and aid development. India's fertility rate has fallen from 5.2 in 1971 to 2.3 in 2013.

Answer 38

Still high, but gap has narrowed with development: Education - between 2001 and 2011 the female literacy rate improved from 53.7% to 65.5%: a higher rate of improvement than for males. Political representation - in 2015, women accounted for only 12% of the Indian Parliament

Answer 39

In 2011, literacy in India was highest in Kerala at 94% and lowest at Bihar in 64%. For females the highest literacy was also in Kerala and the lowest in Rajasthan, at 53%.

Answer 40

In 1990, 25% of India's population was urban, but by 2015, this had risen to 33%.

Answer 41

There will be 200 million middle class people by 2030(growth), but this leaves many with mainly low paid jobs. By 2015, clothing was India's largest manufacturing people(80 million people), but most textile jobs are unskilled and there's no equal pay agreement.

Answer 42

Service industries(banking, IT, call centres) Large port Booming construction industry, building factors and offices

Answer 43

Low school attendance Those in higher castes are literate, while those in lowest castes are mostly illiterate

Answer 44

India has 2.4% of the world's earth surface, but is home to 18% of the world's population

Answer 45

Elderly people are living longer Many adults have better levels of literacy. Women have better access to education - literacy rates increased from 34% in 1991 to 59% in 2011.

Answer 46

Many young working men may have to do dangerous jobs due to industrialisation As young people move to urban areas to get jobs, there are less people available to work in rural villages(due to a lack of teachers, children in rural areas may not get a good education) Lots of gender inequality, in many urban areas it's unsafe for women e.g. crimes against women in Delhi increased by 20% from 2014-15.

Answer 47

Wanted to provide resources for infrastructure and sustainable development projects in BRICs and other emerging developing countries

Answer 48

Aim of promoting international discussion and cooperation on a range of policy issues relating to the promotion of international financial stability and security. India can lend money to support development projects in neighbouring countries in Asia through the ADB such as irrigation schemes in Pakistan.

Answer 49

TNCs don't create stability for India's economy - could easily leave the country TNCs give low pay to workers compared to the huge profits they make. TNCs sometimes don't fairly pay taxes to the countries they manufacture in

Answer 50

India's tax rates on business to attract investment are low, TNcs pay little tax,so the government has relatively little money to pay for public services e.g. water, sanitation. For those on high incomes, there are many ways to avoid paying tax.

Answer 51

TNCs can exploit workers, don't pay taxes and compete with India's many small businesses, People worried about economic and political influence of large foreign companies.

Answer 52

Some want the government to focus more on India's internal problems as opposed to international issues.

Answer 53

Despite the rapid growth of cities like Delhi,Mumbai, Chennai and Bangalore, India is an essentially rural country with age-old social and religious traditions, with a big difference between urban and rural areas in terms of service and household amenities.

Answer 54

The 2015 Index of Economic Freedom ranked India at 128 in the world, due to: A weak rule of law Corruption in many areas of economic activity The state's extensive presence in the economy through state-owned entreprises and subsidies

Answer 55

By 2030, the population will increase from 1.3 billion in 2015 to 1.5 billion Demand for electricity will increase from 776TWH in 2012 to 2499 TWh.

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