Toddler and preschool health

Question 1

Toddler and preschooler definitions

Answer 1

Toddler: 1 to 3 yo
Preschooler: 4 to 5 yo

Question 2

Toddler and preschooler frequency of exams

Answer 2

12-18 months: q 3 months
19-36: q 6 months
3 - 5 annually

Question 3

Focus of development

Answer 3

Physical: anthropometric enhancements
Cognitive: 
- Preoperational: 2 - 4yo
- preconceptual; 4 - 7 yo: intuitive
Psychosocial: 
- Toddler: autonomy
- Preschool: initiative

Question 4

Toddler: chest & head

Answer 4

Chest and head are equal to age 1; chest eventually grows 5 cm > head by end of preschool period

Question 5

Phimosis

Answer 5

A condition in which the foreskin is tightly stretched around the head of the penis and cannot be pulled back freely

Question 6

Genu varum vs genu valgum

Answer 6

Genu varum: bowed legs, think rum - wide stance, normal variant in toddlerhood
Genum valgum: knock-knees; think gum - sticks together, normal variant in preschooler
Rum before gum

Question 7

Turned in foot

Answer 7

Femoral anteversion or tibial torsion - will outgrow

Question 8

Visual acuity: 5 yo

Answer 8

20/30

Question 9

Language development: age 2

Answer 9

• Up to a 50-word vocabulary
• Can follow two-step command
• Talks constantly

Question 10

Language development: age 3

Answer 10

Up to a 900-word vocabulary

Question 11

Language development: age 4

Answer 11

Can understand phrases and simple analogies

Question 12

Language development: age 5

Answer 12

• Vocabulary > 2000 words
• Uses sentences regularly
• Knows at least 4 colors

Question 13

Language development: Meaningful word usage in sentences (toddler & preschooler)

Answer 13

• Two words together by 2 years of age
• Three words together by 3 years of age
• Four words together by 4 years of age
• Five words together by 5 years of age

Question 14

Play: toddler & preschooler

Answer 14

Toddler: Onlooker and parallel play
Preschoolders: Associative, cooperative, dramatic, physical play

Question 15

Nutrition/ feeding guidance for toddlers & preschoolers

Answer 15

• Off the bottle and drinking from cup
• Encourage use of utensils (introduce spoon btw 15 - 17 months of age
• Avoid simple sugar snacks and drinks
• Don’t force eating (physiological food “jags” are common)

Question 16

Toilet training

Answer 16

• Physiologic and psychological readiness begins btw 1.5 - 2.5 years
• Average daytime control is typically achieved by 2 years
• Nighttime control lags behind by 1 year compared to daytime control
• Don’t start in time of stress
• Don’t punish, reward all good efforts

Question 17

Stuttering: when to refer

Answer 17

• Stuttering lasts > 6 months
• Child > 6 years
• Child avoids speaking

Question 18

Autistic disorder

Answer 18

• Marked abnormal or impaired development in social interaction usually noted within the first year of life
• A greatly restrictive repertoire of activity and interests
• May exhibit language delay

Question 19

Asperger’s syndrome

Answer 19

• Severe and sustained impairment in social interaction
• Development of restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, and activities
• May exhibit obsessive compulsive tendencies
• No language delay or clinically significant delays in language acquisition

Question 20

Rett’s disorder

Answer 20

• A specific and highly distinctive pattern of neurodegenerative developmental regression following a period of normal functioning through the first 5 months of age
• Has been diagnosed only in females
• Etiology unknown
• Clinical presentation: lack of gain in developmental milestones, CNS irritability and withdrawal symptoms, loss of skills previously mastered (speech & hand skills), stereotypic hand movements, delayed head growth, seizures, scoliosis, hypertonicity

Question 21

Childhood Disintegrative Disorder

Answer 21

Marked regression in multiple areas of functioning following a period of at least 2 years of apparently normal development

Question 22

What is the most sophisticated and advanced type of play?

Answer 22

Cooperative