Toddler/ Preschool

Question 1

toddler age

Answer 1

1-3years

Question 2

head circumference until. ?

Answer 2

2 years of age

Question 3

Jean Piaget for toddler

Answer 3

Preoperational
years 2-7
egocentric in thoughts
animism
pretend play

Question 4

Erik Erikson for toddler

Answer 4

autonomy vs. shame and doubt stage
-greater sense of personal control which in turn promotes confidence

Question 5

WCC screenings

Answer 5

Ages 6years and younger:
Ages and Stages Questionnaire -done by parents
Denver Development

Question 6

BP screening?

Answer 6

3 years of age

Question 7

Anemia screening in toddler

Answer 7

between 1 year and 5 years
via checking hematocrit

Question 8

Lead screening for toddler

Answer 8

questionnaires for children in high risk areas, such as large , urban cities
6mo-6years

Question 9

Tuberculosis screening for toddlers

Answer 9

PPD for ages 4 and 6years

Question 10

Cholesterol screening for toddlers

Answer 10

2 years of age to assess for Family Hx of dyslipidemia, CV risk factors

Question 11

Dental screening for toddlers

Answer 11

ideally occur after first tooth eruption and no later than age 1

Question 12

WCC schedule

Answer 12

12mo/15mo/18mo
WCC at 2 years of age should be annually

Question 13

weight and height measured when for toddler?

Answer 13

at each visit till 2 years and then annually

Question 14

Anterior fontanel

Answer 14

closes between 12mo and 18mo
delayed closure may indicate hypothyroidism and Down syndrome

Question 15

teeth for toddler

Answer 15

primary teeth at 6mo
permanent teeth at 6 years

Question 16

crying toddler can cause what for ear exam?

Answer 16

Childs tympanic membrane may appear red

Question 17

lymph nodes assessment

Answer 17

-assess for for neck masses
-shotty nodes are normal findings w/ 1-2cm enlargment typically present post-infection

Question 18

periorbital edema in toddle

Answer 18

may indicate Nephrotic Syndrome

Question 19

Fissures at corner of lips for toddler

Answer 19

may indicate a vitamin deficiency

Question 20

toddler mouth breathing

Answer 20

may indicate allergic rhinitis

Question 21

child squatting during play

Answer 21

may indicate cardiac disorder
Tetrology of Fallot

Question 22

orbital and eyelids edema in toddlers

Answer 22

CV disease, bc toddlers do not have dependent edema

Question 23

PMI for toddlers

Answer 23

4th intercostal space in the midclavicular line

Question 24

Genu Varum
Genu Valgum

Answer 24

bowlegs: resolves 2years of age
knocked knees: resolves by age 7

Question 25

Toddler Motor Skills

Answer 25

2 years -walk up and down steps -run -kick a ball -build a tower of blocks four or more 3 years -ride a tricycle -copy a circle 4 years -begin to hop and show ability to draw a person w/ at least 2 body parts -training wheels 5 years -skip -copy squares and other shapes -draw person with 5 body parts

Question 26

Peroperational/ pre conceptual

Answer 26

Jean Piaget ages 2-7 -egocentrism -animism preconceptual substage: 2-4 years intuitive substage: 4-7 years

Question 27

Visual Acuity of toddler

Answer 27

performed with older than 3 years of age -20/30 is normal 2+3=5years

Question 28

Hearing test for toddler

Answer 28

3 years of age and older -play audiometry, similar to pure tone audiometry, except that the child performs specific play actions when he or she hears tones

Question 29

language of toddlers

Answer 29

2 words by 2 years 3 words by 3 years 4 words by 4 years 5 words by 5 years

Question 30

Autonomy v Shame and Doubt

Answer 30

Erik Erikson -2-3 years -sense of independence by gaining personal control parallel play

Question 31

Gold Standard Screening for Developmental delays

Answer 31

Bayley Scales of infant and toddler Development (BAYLEY-III)

Question 32

Toddler Nutrition and Feeding

Answer 32

-bottle should be weaned to reduce the risk of tooth decay -a sippy cup can be used around 10months -forks and spoons by 18months

Question 33

Dental health of the toddler

Answer 33

-first dental exam by 1 year of age -brushing twice a day, including before bed

Question 34

Sleep for toddlers

Answer 34

-10-12hours per night, and a daily afternoon nap -Nightmares start before 3 and 6 -Night terror, episodes of extreme panic, last till age 12

Question 35

Toddler Toilet Training

Answer 35

-typically 1.5years of age -3years -day control achieved around 3-4 -day and night control typically achieve around 4-5 years of age -child never punished for incontinence

Question 36

Stuttering

Answer 36

Abnormal speech patterns marked by the presence of repetitions and pauses in speech, known as dysfluencies -diagnosed by a language pathologist -children referred if stutter last longer than 6months , older than 6years and stutter, or avoid speaking Treatment: -electronic devices, controlled fluency, and CBT

Question 37

PDD

Answer 37

Autism îs most common pervasive development disorder -characterized by speech and language delays -advance speech toddler with autism may use echolalia: -repeating another words mechanically and meaninglessly -M-CHAT-R= score >2 refer -Aripiprazole and risperdone= PCP does not prescribe or refill there, they are antipsychotic and can only be prescribed or refilled by ASD specialist or psych

Question 38

Aspergers Syndrome (AS)

Answer 38

PDD -overlaps high functioning autism in its often severe and sustained impairments in social interaction -may exhibit obsessive compulsive tendencies -speech is delayed but language is normal

Question 39

Rett's Disorder (RTT)

Answer 39

PDD -Neurologic. disorder that. causes developmental reversals and occurs exclusively in FEMALES -developmental regression after a 5-month period of normal functioning and growth -first stage, hypertonicity, delayed head growth -stereotypic hand movements appear in all RTT -scoliosis common and increases w/ age -nervous system irritability, with drawl symptoms, and seizures

Question 40

Childhood disintegrative Disorder (CDD)

Answer 40

PDD -begins with about two. years of normal development, followed by significant regression in multiple areas of functioning -CDD more common in males -more severe in females