Toddlers and Infant Exam 2

Question 1

Perlocution

Answer 1

prelinguistic; vegetative and play
sounds
infants

Question 2

Illocution

Answer 2

prelinguistic; gestures and vocalizations
with intent
slightly older infants

Question 3

locution

Answer 3

first words

Question 4

Criteria for
a child’s
first word?

Answer 4

• Clear intention
• Recognizable pronunciation
• Consistent and generalized to other contexts

Question 5

Fast Mapping Skills

Answer 5

the ability to pick up novel words after only a few (or sometimes single) incidental exposure

Question 6

Overextension

Answer 6

overgeneralization, using
words in an overly general manner. Toddlers
typically overextend 1/3 of the words they learn
Ex: Calling any animal a “dog”

Question 7

Underextention

Answer 7

more common than
overextensions, using words for only a subset of
possible referents
Ex: only calling their dog “dog” and not other dogs

Question 8

Prelinguistic

Answer 8

The early stages of language development in infants, usually from birth to around 12 months. These skills are the foundation for later language development

Question 9

Examples of Prelinguistic skills

Answer 9

gestures, facial expressions, cooing, babbling

Question 10

Linguistic

Answer 10

The study of language. This term includes the stages and set of skills that children use to communicate and learn language.

Question 11

Declarative pointing

Answer 11

is used to share or draw attention to an object or event with the intent of sharing information or eliciting a response from the listener.

Question 12

Imperative pointing

Answer 12

is used to request or demand something from someone.
Pointing at a cookie because they want it

Question 13

Reflexive Vocalizations

Answer 13

Sounds of discomfort and distress; vegetative sounds

Ex: crying, fussing, burping, coughing, sneezing

Question 14

Controlled Phonation Vocalizations

Answer 14

Vowel-like sounds; consonant-like sounds

Ex: cooing, gooing, raspberries

Question 15

Expansion Vocalizations

Answer 15

True vowel-like sounds; vowel glides; marginal babbling

Ex: squealing “eeeey”

Question 16

Basic Canonical syllables Vocalizations

Answer 16

Single consonant-vowel syllables; babbling; reduplicated and variegated babbling

Ex: “ba”, “ma-ma-ma”, “ba-ma-goo”

Question 17

Characteristics of Infant-Directed Speech

Answer 17

-High pitch
-Exaggerated Intonation
-Slower rate
-Simplified vocab and sentences
-Repetition

Question 18

Joint Reference and Attention

Answer 18

Occurs when 2 or more individuals focus on the same object or event and share an understand the focus of the other person

Question 19

What are the phases of joint attention?

Answer 19

1. Attendance to social partners
2. Emergence and Coordination of Joint Attention
3. Transition to Language

Question 20

Characteristics of Attendance to Social Partners

Answer 20

-0-6 months
-Receptive to interpersonal interactions
-Learning how to maintain sustained and organized attention
-Focus on faces
-Spontaneous expressiveness w/ head, body, and limbs

Question 21

Emergence and Coordination of Joint Attention

Answer 21

-6-12 months
-True joint attention
-shifting attention between object and person
- joint attention results in higher vocab
-Intentionally communicating w/ others
-Imperative and declarative pointing

Question 22

Transition to language

Answer 22

-12+ months
-Incorporating language into joint attention interactions
-Active adult involvement is still important

Question 23

Criteria for first word

Answer 23

-clear intention
-recognizable pronunciation
-Consistent and generalized to other contexts

Question 24

How are late talkers distinguished?

Answer 24

-Fewer than 20-50 words by 18 months (also 5-10 words)
- Fewer than 100-200 words by 24 months

Question 25

How are early talkers distinguished?

Answer 25

-Produce an average of 475 words by 21 months -Tend to have higher vocab, grammar, and verbal reasoning early in childhood

Question 26

List the Continuum of 1st words in order

Answer 26

1. No words 2. Protowords 3. Context bound words 4. Real words

Question 27

Turnabouts

Answer 27

when a child asks about something the adult asks for more information. To train to give more info when making statements. If a toddler says “I want juice”, the caregiver might respond, “Juice? What kind of juice do you want?”

Question 28

Imitations

Answer 28

he toddler says “car” and the caregiver might say, “yes, a car!”

Question 29

Expansions

Answer 29

A toddler says "see dog" the adult could expand by saying "I see a big dog"

Question 30

Extension

Answer 30

If a toddler points to a tree and says "tree" the adult might say "that's a tall tree with green leaves"