TOLD Definitions and Assumptions Flashcards
(40 cards)
4-Engine Climb-out Flight Path
Based on 4-engine acceleration from brake release to lift-off at normal take-off speed. After lift-off, the airplane pitches for and climbs at obstacle clearance speed. Gear retraction is initiated 3 seconds after lift-off. After gear is up, the airplane accelerates to flap retraction speed, at which time flap retraction is initiated. After the flaps are up, the airplane accelerates to best climb speed and continues to climbing at that speed.
Threshold Speed (Max Effort Landing) - Minimum Threshold Speed
- 28 x power-off stall speed (100% flaps)
- 106.5 KIAS minimum
Refusal Speed (Vr) define
- Assumptions
- Contributing Factors
The maximum speed to which the airplane can accelerate on all engines, experience an engine failure, and then stop within the remaining runway available.
Assumptions: 2 engines in reverse (symmetrical power), 2 engines in ground idle (one propeller wind-milling), and max anti-skid braking.
Contributing Factors: Take-off factor, runway available, gross weight
Take-Off Speed (Max Effort… Obstacles are a Factor)
1.2 x power-on stall speed (Vmeto)
Assumptions for max recommended crosswind component for take-off
The max recommended crosswind component that the airplane can be subjected to on the ground while maintaining directional control.
Assumptions: 50% flaps, max thrust on all engines, RCR, gross weight, use of NWS, rudder control, 5 degrees of crab into the crosswind, 3 degrees of bank into the crosswind, no asymmetric braking or asymmetric power applied.
Minimum Runway Length (Normal Landing)
Landing Distance (peacetime mins: 3000 feet long/ 80 feet wide) MAJCOM/A3/DO may waive runway and taxiway width requirements
Take-off Speed (Normal Take-off) Vt/o
1.1 x power-off stall speed or Vmca 1 engine inop in ground effect (whichever is higher)
Acceleration Check Time
Required when refusal speed is less than take-off speed. Always apply 100% of the runway component (headwind steady wind value plus the gust increment / tailwind steady wind value plus the gust increment).
Touchdown Speed (Max Effort Landing)
- 2 x power-off stall speed (100% flaps)
- 97 KIAS minimum
Minimum Flap Retraction Speed (Normal Take-off)
Obstacle clearance speed
4-Engine Max Effort Climb-Out Flight Path
Based on 4-engine max power acceleration from brake release (engines are stabilized at max power) to liftoff at max effort take-off speed (Vmeto). After liftoff, the airplane pitches for and climbs at max effort obstacle clearance speed (minimum control speeds are disregarded). Gear retraction is initiated 3 seconds after lift-off. After clearing the obstacle (Vmaxobs), the airplane accelerates to flap retraction speed (Vmaxobs + 10 KIAS), at which time flap retraction in initiated. After the flaps are up, the airplane accelerates to best climb speed and continues climbing at that speed.
Recommended - all bleed air systems be turned off to ensure that maximum take-off power is obtained.
Take-Off Speed (Max Effort)
1.2 x power-on stall speed (Vmeto) or Vmca 1 engine inop in ground effect (whichever is higher)
Ground Minimum Control Speed (Vmcg) define
- Assumptions
- Contributing Factors
The minimum speed at which the airplane may lose the #1 engine during take-off ground run and still maintain directional control.
Assumptions: #1 Engine inoperative with propeller wind-milling on NTS, max power on all operating engines, bleed: zero or normal, flaps: 50% (3000psi rudder boost), rudder deflection: max available limited by 180 pound pedal force or max rudder surface deflection (whichever occurs first), max deviation from runway centerline of 30 feet, wings level.
Contributing Factors: Outside air temp, pressure altitude, nose-wheel steering capability
Max Effort Landing profile
Normal traffic patterns will be flown unless airfield situations or mission requirements dictate otherwise. Select GCAS/TAC if desired. When established on final approach and at the pilot’s discretion, slow to max effort threshold speed. During gusty wind conditions, the max effort approach, threshold, and touchdown speeds will be increased by the full gust increment, not to exceed 10 knots (any increase in touchdown speed will increase the minimum runway length required).
Rate of descent on the approach should be adjusted to arrive over the end o the runway at max effort threshold speed with approximately a 500 fpm rate of descent. Intended point of touchdown should be 100 - 300 feet down from the approach end of the runway markers.
Flap Retraction Speed (Normal Take-Off)
Take-Off Speed plus 20 KIAS
Threshold Speed (Normal Landing) - Minimum threshold speed?
- 35 x power off stall speed
- 106.5 KIAS minimum
What is tailwind component? What percentage do you add?
Determined by entering the “crosswind chart” with the steady wind value plus the gust increment. Always apply 150% of the tailwind component to take-off and landing distances.
Approach Speed (Normal Landing)
Threshold Speed plus 10 KIAS
Touchdown Speed (Normal Landing) - Minimum touchdown speed?
- 2 x power off stall speed
- 97 KIAS minimum landing (because at lower speeds the engine will generate positive thrust, and longer landing distances would result)
Obstacle Clearance Speed (Max Effort)
1.3 x power-on stall speed
Max Recommended Crosswind Component for Landing
The max recommended crosswind component that the airplane can be subjected to on the ground while maintaining directional control.
- Based on 100% flaps, approach thrust on all 4 engines, RCR, gross weight, use of NWS, rudder control, 5 degrees of crab into the crosswind, no asymmetric braking or asymmetric power applied
Critical Field Length (CFL) define
- Balanced vs Unbalanced
The greater of the total distances required to accelerate on all engines, experience an engine failure of the most critical engine from the standpoint of directional control, and either stop or continue the take-off (on the remaining engines).
Balanced CFL: When the distanced required to stop from Vcef is equal to the distance required to continue the take-off from Vcef.
Unbalanced CFL: When the distance required to stop from the lesser of Vmcg or Vrot is greater than the distance required to continue the take-off.
Max Effort / Substandard Airfield (define substandard)
- Max sink rate (conditions)
Substandard Airfields: those which the tires produce easily visible ruts or those which have unusually rough, undulating, rutted, or pitted runways and/or taxiways, whether paved or unpaved. Conversely, some unpaved surfaces need to not be considered sub-standard if the surface is hard and smooth.
Max sink-rate during a max effort landing is 540 fpm under the following conditions:
- Main landing gear strut pressure is 450psi
- Landing gross weight is 130,000 pounds or less
- External fuel tanks are empty
- #1 and #4 main fuel tanks are limited to 6,200 pounds of fuel each
- All main tanks are limited to 23,500 pounds of fuel total
IF ABOVE LIMITS ARE EXCEEDED:
- 300fpm sink rate - wartime operation only. To perform during peace time will require MAJCOM approval
What is gust increment? How much can you add?
The reported wind in excess of the steady wind value. Always increase rotation, take-off, approach, threshold, and landing speeds by the full gust increment, not to exceed 10 KIAS.
