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History of European Colonization > Tools Of Empire > Flashcards

Tools Of Empire Flashcards

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1
Q

Power centers (2)

A

A) Metropole
Secretary of state, ministers, …
Little representation

B) Colony
Governor
Armies
Little representation

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2
Q

Representation in India (4)

A

A) 1858, 1892, 1909: Legislative & executive councils

B) 1882: Municipal council act

C) 1921: Provincial governments

D) 1935: autonomy to provinces
1937: one in 6 Indians can participate in elections

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3
Q

Much variety in rule (4)

A

A) Direct and indirect rule
Esp GB

B) Assimilation & association
Esp France

C) Military rule
Esp Germany & Italy

D) Segregation
Esp Belgium

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4
Q

Indirect rule (2)

A

A) Local rulers remain on the throne
Minor competences
Not: army, taxes, foreign policy
Sided and controlled by British advisor
Mainly in less strategic regions

B) Advantages
Power without responsibility
Cheaper & loyal elite
Legitimation:
“Respect” for local traditions

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5
Q

Indirect rule in BI

A

A) BI
Double government under Clive of India -> nawab (puppet)
By 1857: ~580 princes

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6
Q

Indirect rule elsewhere (3)

A

A) Belgian Congo
Only symbolical

B) Dutch East Indies
Batavia
Yogyakarta

C) French Indochina

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7
Q

Assimilation (3)

A

A) What?
Turn colonized into French citoyens of color

B) Why?
French revolution: universalism
Napoleon: Centralism
Hangovers after 1815 & 1870

C) When & where?
Esp 19th c vielles colonies

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8
Q

Association

A

A) What? Step back
Humanité rather than égalité
Bilateral relationship with metropole, esp economic
Still centralized

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9
Q

Association (2)

A

A) What? Step back
Humanité rather than égalité
Bilateral relationship with metropole, esp economic
Still centralized

B) Why?
Other colonies
Social Darwinism, racism

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10
Q

Divide and rule (2)

A

A) Enforcing existing inequalities, conflicts within one colony
Eg. Ethnic, religious
Categorization of people, cannot move from one category to another
Created hierarchies of ethnicities

B) Siding with minorities
Governance, eg tutsis
Military, eg Sikhs (martial races)

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11
Q

Violence (2)

A

A) Military superiority
Gunboats, maxim gum

B) Wars & destruction
E.g. Herero genocide

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12
Q

Diseases (4)

A

A) Several diseases
Smallpox, measles, leprosy

B) Sometimes deliberate genocide
Hispaniola, Tasmania

C) Sometimes collateral damage
No immunity
Malaria in India facilitated by irrigation systems

D) Amnesia & selective memories

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13
Q

Famines (2)

A

A) Examples in British India
Bengal famine 1770, 10mio dead
Great famine 1876
Indian famine 1899
Bengal famine 1943

B) Not only due to climate, but also to colonialism
Indifferent attitudes of colonial administration
High taxation

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14
Q

Rulers at home (3)

A

A) Colonial party

B) Advocates for colonialism

C) More reluctant politicians

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15
Q

Rulers oversea (2)

A

A) Nobles
Lord George Curzon
Viceroy -> foreign secretary

B) Soldiers career
Herbert Kitchener
Joseph Gallieni
Hubert Lyautey

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16
Q

Masculinity

A

A) A male business
Moustaches & uniforms
Safari costumes
Local dresses

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17
Q

Men only? (4)

A

A) female pioneers
Mary Kingsley, Gertrude Bell

B) Female colonizers
Wives, nuns

C) General features
Greater freedom than at home
Better contact with indigenous

D) Female freedom fighters
Lalla Fatma N’Soumer

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18
Q

Heroic individuals? (2)

A

A) Individuals?
Role of indigenous people
-> Stanley & 350 indigenous

B) Heroic?
Violence
Drugs
Sexual practices

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19
Q

Sexual practices (2)

A

A) Homo-eroticism
Stanley’s problems with women
Rhodes’ notorious homosexuality
Baden-Powell & Kenneth McLarren
Pederasts: Hector MacDonald

B) Prostitution
Widespread in colonies
STDs

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20
Q

Obsession with the exotic nude (2)

A

A) Fascination
Role of photography
E.g. Tahiti, Bali

B) Eroticization
Wild, primitive, naked -> sexually available
Polygamy -> alleged free love

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21
Q

Initially: male bachelors (3)

A

A) Restriction of emigration of European women

B) Officially: physical hazards of life in tropics

C) In reality: economic reasons
Transportation, repatriation, …

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22
Q

Concubinage with local women (3)

A

A) Tolerance and promotion of extramarital relations

B) European men in better health
Vs. Prostitution
From ill health sexual abstention was thought to bring

C) Other advantages
Fewer financial & emotional demands
Useful as guides & domestic servants

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23
Q

Regulated relations (3)

A

A) Arguments:
Political & economic
Male & sexual

B) Regarding European women
Bachelors preferred by VOC
…

C) Regarding local women
Prohibiting men from returning with native wives & kid

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24
Q

Consequences of concubinage (2)

A

A) For societal structure
Reinforcement of social & racial hierarchies
More men than women

B) For locals
Women: dependent
Men: in competition
Children: mixed

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25
Late 19th c: white women (3)
A) Following technological possibilities B) General narrative: women introduced segregation Bc hygiene (Advised by male doctors) C) Paranoia White women need to be protected from wild natives Rape laws: race-specific
26
Missionaries: from the very begining (2)
A) Europeans in Asia: Jordanus de Severac (Kollam 1321) John de Marignolli (China, India, Japan 1338) Saint Francis Xavier (India, Japan 1541) B) Portuguese in Congo: 1491: King of Kongo converted to Christianity
27
Decline of missionaries: 18th C (2)
A) Enlightenment 1773: suppression of Jesuits B) In the colonies British India: fascination with local culture Rousseau: noble savage
28
Missionary revival: 19th C (4)
A) New congregations B) Commerce & industrial revolution C) Abolitionism D) Social Darwinism
29
Fascination to civilization (India) (2)
A) Imposed English B) Fought barbaric customs E.g. Sati
30
New Catholic institutions (2)
A) Scheut est. 1862 Théophile Verbist China, Mongolia, Philippines, Congo B) Pères Blancs est. 1868 Lavigerie: Archbishop of Algiers & Carthage
31
Women and missions (3)
A) Wives of protestant missionaries B) Missionary nuns C) Gradually majority of foreign missionaries From 1840s in BI From 1930s in Congo
32
Missionary activities (3)
A) Religion B) Social work Hospitals, dispensaries Orphanages, beggars homes C) Science & education Village schools Industrial schools Agricultural projects Printing & publishing
33
Variety e.g. education (3)
A) State or church? France: public schools GB, Belgium, Germany: subsidized missions B) Mass or elite? India: Anglicization of elite Congo: widespread primary education C) European or indigenous languages? France: assimilation Belgium: differentialism
34
Missionary success (2)
A) little success in Hindu, Buddhist or Islamic areas B) Strong impact on regions with poor population
35
Positive & negative effects of missions(2)
A) positive: Health care, education Against inequity, discrimination B) negative: Religious conversion Imposition of European languages & views Racism & inferiority complex Sexual abuse
36
Missionaries imperial? (2)
A) Coordinated imperial government policies E.g. education in Congo B) Not always in line with states Before and after colonialism Outside colonial territory Non-colonialist nations
37
Slave trade (2)
A) Atlantic triangle: Europe - Africa: copper, cloth, beads, guns Africa - America: slaves America - Europe: sugar, rum, cotton, gold, tobacco B) 11m slaves
38
Abolitionism (3)
A) Sources Religious minorities Enlightenment & French revolution American independence war B) First mass movement Clapham Sect C) Abolition: Britain 1833, France 1848, Netherlands 1863, US 1863, Brazil 1888
39
Freed slave states (2)
B) Sierra Leone: a colony 1807: Britain releases freed slave in Freetown C) Liberia: an independent country 1821: Monrovia for freed American slaves 1847: Republic of Liberia
40
The land (2)
A) Different views: Europeans: terra nullis -> right to ownership Indigenous: custodians of the land B) Different uses Gathering vs. Cultivation Taxes
41
Land taxes in BI (3)
A) Zamindari system (north; 1793) Moghal tax collectors were given property rights Aim: loyal landowners But: misuse and oppression B) Raiyatvari system (south; 18**) Peasants pay taxes directly Aim: create close connection to british But: oppression by tax collectors C) Sedentarization Nomads as criminal tribes
42
Gathering vs. Plantations (2)
A) Gathering: Early period Ivory, timber, rubber, palm oil B) Plantations: Early: Carribbean Indochina: rice, maize, rubber East Indies: coffee, indigo, sugar BI: tea, opium
43
Labor migration (2)
A) New systems after Abolition Day laborers Indentured labor (contracted labor without salary) B) Migration of Chinese & Indians Population increase Ethnic diversity
44
The culture system (3)
A) Dutch East Indies 1840-70 B) Compelling peasants to cultivate government export crops on a fifth of their land or work 66 days a year C) Extremely lucrative
45
After the culture system (3)
A) Criticism Imposed by force Stagnation, no incentive to innovate No access to capital market for natives B) Liberal period (1870-1901) Agriculture open to private and corporate plantations C) Ethnical policy (1901-30) (failed) Civilizing mission Social, economic, political "development"
46
Mineral extraction (2)
A) Mining Quick fortunes Helps pay for infrastructure B) Little industry Colonies are export oriented
47
Minerals in Belgian Congo (3)
A) Rich soil (Katanga) Copper, cobalt, diamond, uranium B) Huge mining companies Forminière UMHK C) Also built infrastructure Political administration & police force -> state in state
48
Minerals in India (3)
A) No interest from European investors B) Indian tradition af artisan skills Profited from British infrastructure C) Indian owned plants Tata iron & steel works
49
Petrol in the middle East (2)
A) Discoveries around 1900 Sumatra, Persia Internal combustion engine B) Oil companies Anglo-Persian oil company 1908 -> bp Royal Dutch Petroleum company 1890 -> shell Seven sisters: America
50
Waterways (3)
A) Rivers as first highways B) River canals E.g. Ganges canal: transport & irrigation C) Sea canals Suez canal 1869: French project Halved distance to India, many died Panama canal 1914: US
51
Railways (2)
A) Variety India: dense Congo: short & in service of mineral export B) Great Investment Private companies & government Railway stations: palaces
52
Air transport (2)
A) Imperial airways 1924 1927: Cairo-Basra, 1932: Cairo-Cape town B) KLM 1919 1924: Amsterdam-Batavia 1930: passenger service
53
Communication (3)
A) Post 1840: Penny post UK 1854: Penny post BI B) Telegraph 1837 1851: First line in Bengal 1870: submarine cable to India C) Radio 1912 onwards
54
Science & colonization (3)
A) S -> C Effective exploitation of resources Effective control of the colonized B) C -> S New data New research questions C) -> institutionalization of tropical sciences
55
E.g. Geography (2)
A) Need: practical guides Capacity: travel & instruments B) Mapping the world 1802-1841: Great trigonometrical survey of India
56
Subjectivity of Geography (2)
A) Metaphors of power E.g. center, size, ... B) Instruments of rule E.g. borders -> random Non-european views: fluid borders, nomads
57
Anthropology (3)
A) Power & control Dealing with population B) Classification Creating ethnicities & languages C) Racism Measuring physical appearance Hierarchy
58
Indigenous people on display (2)
A) Places Zoos Performances Villages on world fairs B) Involved people Carl Hagenbeck Saartje Baartman (Khoi slave with large buttock & elongated inner labia)
59
Transformation of the landscape (3)
A) Clearance of forests B) Reasons Revenue: timber Agricultural & pastoral purposes C) Economic progress? Profits for Europe Commercial crops
60
Hunting (3)
A) Great numbers, endangered species (tiger) B) Different reasons Indigenous: food Europeans: sport C) Changing attitude First: concern for conservation of species Now: indignance about poachers
61
Cities (3)
A) Old Local roots of urban development B) New Segregation Urban laboratories for modernity C) Variety French: less planning & segregation British: residential segregation Belgians: thorough segregation
62
Architecture (2)
A) Variety B) Mixed styles Orientalism & imagination

History of European Colonization (7 decks)

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