Topic 1

Question 1

What is an open circulatory system?

Answer 1

A circulatory system that allows the blood to flow out of the blood vessels and into various body cavities so that the cells are in direct contact with the blood.

Question 2

What is the order of oxygenated blood channels?

Answer 2

Arteries, arterioles to capillaries

Question 3

What is the order of deoxygenated blood channels?

Answer 3

Venules to veins

Question 4

Why are double circulatory systems more efficient?

Answer 4

Gives blood returning from the lungs an extra boost, decreasing the time it takes to circulate

Question 5

What effect does a double circulatory system have on the metabolism?

Answer 5

It allows a higher metabolic rate

Question 6

Is the hydrogen end of water positive or negative?

Answer 6

Positive

Question 7

Is the oxygen end of water positive or negative?

Answer 7

Negative

Question 8

Why is water a useful solvent?

Answer 8

Many chemicals dissolve easily in water allowing biochemical reactions to take place.

Question 9

Which has a larger lumen vein or arteries?

Answer 9

Veins

Question 10

Which blood vessel has thicker walls?

Answer 10

Arteries

Question 11

Which has more collagen, smoother muscles and elastic fibres - arteries or veins?

Answer 11

Arteries

Question 12

What is endothelium?

Answer 12

lining of blood vessels

Question 13

How thick is the endothelium of a capillary

Answer 13

Single layer of cells

Question 14

What happens in atrial systole?

Answer 14

Blood is returning to heart from pulmonary vein and vena cava and the atrial ventricular valves open, the atria contract and blood flows into ventricles

Question 15

What happens in ventricular systole?

Answer 15

Both ventricles contract and the atrioventricular valves are pushed shut by pressurised blood.
The semilunar valves in the aorta and pulmonary artery are pushed open.
Blood flows from the ventricles into the arteries.

Question 16

What happens in diastole?

Answer 16

The atria and ventricles relax causing low pressure. The higher pressure in the vena cava and pulmonary veins closes the semi-lunar valves and the low pressure in the atria draws blood

Question 17

What are the valves between the atria and the ventricles called?

Answer 17

Atrioventricular valves

Question 18

What are the valves between the ventricles and the aorta and the ventricles and the pulmonary vein called?

Answer 18

Semi-lunar valves

Question 19

What is a thrombosis?

Answer 19

A blood clot

Question 20

What is another name for a heart attack?

Answer 20

myocardial infarction

Question 21

What are the five steps of atherosclerosis?

Answer 21

1. Endothelial dysfunction occurs (damaged)
2. Inflammatory response and atheroma forms
3. Calcium salts and fibrous tissues build up resulting in a plaque formation
4. Plaque cause the artery to lose elasticity
5. The plaque causes the lumen to narrow leading to positive feedback

Question 22

What is an atheroma made up of?

Answer 22

The build up of fatty materials

Question 23

What happens to platelets when they come into contact with damaged cell walls?

Answer 23

They change from flattened discs to spheres with long thin projections and stick to the exposed collagen.

Question 24

What happens when chemicals by the platelets are released (4)

Answer 24

1. Thromboplastin is released
2. Thromboplastin activates enzyme that catalyses conversion of prothrombin to thrombin
3. Thrombin catalyses fibrinogen to fibrin
4. It traps platelets and red blood cells to form a clot

Question 25

What happens after thromboplastin is released?

Answer 25

Thromboplastin activates an enzyme that catalyses the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin.

Question 26

What happens when prothrombin is converted to thrombin?

Answer 26

Thrombin catalyses fibrinogen to fibrin

Question 27

What does fibrin do?

Answer 27

Forms a mesh and captures more platelets and red blood cells to form a clot.

Question 28

What must be present for prothrombin to turn to thrombin?

Answer 28

Vitamin K and Calcium

Question 29

What is thromboplastin?

Answer 29

A protein that activates an enzyme

Question 30

What is prothrombin?

Answer 30

A protein that is catalysed into thrombin

Question 31

What is thrombin?

Answer 31

An enzyme that catalyses fibrinogen into fibrin.

Question 32

What is fibrinogen?

Answer 32

A soluble plasma protein that catalyses into an insoluble protein.

Question 33

What is fibrin?

Answer 33

An insoluble protein mesh that traps more platelets and red blood cells

Question 34

How can a plaque cause a heart attack?

Answer 34

If the plaque ruptures it may block the blood supply causing some areas of the heart to become ischaemic (no oxygen gets to that area of heart muscle which causes it to die)

Question 35

What are the three monosaccharides?

Answer 35

glucose, galactose, fructose

Question 36

What are monosaccharides?

Answer 36

simple sugar units that provide a rapid source of energy

Question 37

What bonds two monosaccharides together?

Answer 37

Glycosylic bonds

Question 38

What are the three di-saccharides?

Answer 38

Sucrose, Maltose and Lactose

Question 39

What does glucose and fructose equal?

Answer 39

Sucrose

Question 40

What does glucose and galactose equal?

Answer 40

Lactose

Question 41

What does glucose and glucose equal?

Answer 41

Maltose

Question 42

What reaction creates di-saccharides?

Answer 42

Condensation

Question 43

Why do di-saccharides and polysaccharides create a slower release of energy?

Answer 43

They have to be broken down first into monosaccharides in order to provide energy.

Question 44

What are the 3 main types of polysaccharide found in food?

Answer 44

Starch, cellulose and glycogen

Question 45

What two thing make up starch?

Answer 45

Amylose and amylopectin

Question 46

What is amylose composed of?

Answer 46

A straight chain that coils into a spiral of glucose molecules

Question 47

What bonds hold amylose?

Answer 47

1,4 glycosidic

Question 48

What does amylopectin look like?

Answer 48

Side branches from the main chain

Question 49

What bonds hold amylopectin?

Answer 49

1, 6 and 1,4 glyosidic

Question 50

What is glycogen and why is it useful?

Answer 50

A polysaccharide with many side branches so it can be easily hydrolysed

Question 51

Where is glycogen found?

Answer 51

Liver and muscles

Question 52

What makes up a triglyceride?

Answer 52

1 glycerol molecule and 3 fatty acids

Question 53

What bonds hold together a triglyceride?

Answer 53

Ester bonds

Question 54

What reaction forms the bonds that hold together a triglyceride?

Answer 54

Condensation

Question 55

What makes a fat saturated?

Answer 55

A fatty acid contains the maximum number of hydrogen atoms

Question 56

What is a key feature of saturated fats?

Answer 56

They are solid at room temperature due to strong intermolecular bonds as the fatty acid contains the maximum number of hydrogen atoms

Question 57

Why might the structure of an unsaturated fat be different?

Answer 57

Double carbon bonds due to a lack of hydrogen causes kinks, preventing them from packing closely together

Question 58

What do LDL's do - low density lipids

Answer 58

Transport cholesterol to body and bind to receptor cells

Question 59

What happens with an excess of LDL's

Answer 59

They may be deposited in artery walls

Question 60

What do HDLs do?

Answer 60

Transport cholesterol back to liver where it is broken down

Question 61

What do statins do?

Answer 61

Inhibit enzymes involved in producing LDL's

Question 62

What are the downsides of statins?

Answer 62

Tiredness, muscle ache, headache, nausea

Question 63

What do anti-hypertensives do?

Answer 63

Lower blood pressure

Question 64

What are the downsides of anti-hypertensives?

Answer 64

Dry cough, dizziness and abnormal heart rhythms

Question 65

What do anti-coagulants do?

Answer 65

Interrupt vitamin K, preventing blood clots

Question 66

What do platelet inhibitors do?

Answer 66

Reduce the stickiness of platelets