Acrosome
Organelle in top of sperm to digest egg cell membrane
Active Site
Specific region on an enzyme where the reaction takes place
Active Transport
The movement of substances from a high concentration to a low concentration.
Benedict’s Test
A test for reducing sugars that produces different colours based on the amount of reducing sugars present.
Benedict’s Test Results
Blue: None
Green/Yellow: Some
Red: Large Amount
Biuret Test
A test which turns purple when protein is present.
Calorimetry
A method of measuring hear transfer during a chemical reaction.
Carbohydrases
Enzymes that break down carbs into simple sugars.
Carbohydrate
Large molecules that is synthesised from simple sugars.
Cell
The basic building blocks of life
Cell membrane
A partially permeable barrier that surrounds the cell
Cell wall
An hotelier layer that strengthens plant cells
Chloroplast
An organelle that is the site of photosynthesis.
Chromosome
A long coiled module of DNA that carries genetic information.
Cilia
Hair like structures found on epithelial cells which waft substances into one direction
Ciliated Epithelial Cell
A type of epithelial cell that lines the respiratory track and uterus.
Concentration Gradient
The difference of concentration in 2 areas.
Denaturation
The permanent change in shape of enzymes active site due to exposure to high temperatures or extremes of pH.
Diffusion
The net spreading out of particles from a high to low concentration.
Diploid Cells
A cell that contains two copies of each chromosome.
Egg Cell
A specialised female cell involved in reproduction
Electron microscope
A type of microscope that uses a beam of electrons focused by magnets to produce an image of a specimen. It has a greater magnification and resolution than a light microscope.
Emulsion Test
A test that produces a cloudy emulsion if lipids are present.
Enzyme
A biological catalyst that increase rate of reaction in living organisms.
Eukaryotic Cell
A type of cell found in plants and animals that contains a nucleus.
Flagella
A long hair like structure found on bacterias for movement.
Haploid Cell
A cell that contains a single copy of each chromosome.
Iodine Test
A test that produces a blue/black colour when starch is present
Light Microscope
A type of microscope that uses a series of lenses to magnify the light reflecting of a specimen.
Lipases
Enzymes that break down fatty acids and glycerol
Lipid
A large molecule that is synthesised from fatty acids and glycerol.
Lock and Key Hypothesis
A theory that describes how substrates must be the correct shape to fit the shape on an enzyme.
Image Size=
Magnification*Real Size
Micrometer
μm - 0.000001 of Meter (Power of -6)
Millimetre
mm - 0.001 of Meter (Power of -3)
Mitochondria
An organelle that is the site of respiration.
Nanometer
nm - 0.000000001 of Meter (Power of -9)
Organelle
A specialised structure found in a cell
Osmosis
Diffusion of water from a high concentration to a low one across a partially permeable membrane.
Change in Mass
(Final Mass - Initial Mass) / Initial Mass
Picometer
pm - 0.000000000001 of Meter (Power of -12)
Plasmid
Loops of DNA found in cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells.
Proteases
Enzymes that break down proteins into amino acids
Protein
Large molecules synthesised from amino acids
Rate of Reaction
The speed reactants are converted into products
Resolution
The smallest distance between two objects that can be distinguished
Ribosomes
Sub-Cellular structures that are the
sight of protein synthesis
Specialised Cell
A cell that has a structure which makes it adapted to its function
Specifcity
Describes the ability for an enzyme to catalyst only a particular reaction which a substrate fits the active site of an enzyme
Sperm Cell
A specialised male cell used in reproduction
Vacuole
An organelle found in plant cells that stores ap and supports the cell
Animal and Plant Cells are…
Eukaryotic
Bacterial Cells are…
Prokaryotic
Eukaryotic Cells have…
Cell Membrane, Cytoplasm and a Nucleus
Prokaryotic Cells have…
Cell Wall, Cell Membrane, Cytoplasm and Plasmids
Nucleus
Contains DNA for a particular protein to build new cells
Cytoplasm
Liquid substance were reactions occur and organelles are found in it
Cell Membrane
Controls what enters and leaves the cell
Mitchondria
Where aerobic respiration reaction occur and produce energy for the cell
Ribosomes
Where protein synthesis occurs
Only in plant cells…
Chloroplasts, Permanent Vacuole and a Cell Wall
Chloroplasts
Where photosynthesis occurs providing food for the plant.
Chlorophyll Pigment
In chloroplast and harvests light for photosynthesis
Sperm Cells have…
Streamlined heads, long tails, many mitochondria, acrosome and a haploid nucleus
Egg Cells have…
Many mitochondria, large size, haploid nucleus
Ciliated Epithelial Cells have…
Have cilia to move bacteria stuck in mucus to stomach to be killed by acid
Root Hair Cells have…
Large surface area and mitochondria
Root Hair Cells are for…
Taking water in to the plant by osmosis
Xylem Cells are for…
Transporting water and minerals around the plant
Phloem Cells are for..
Moving products of photosynthesis around the plant
How many lenses does a light microscope have?
2
Where are light microscopes usually luminated from?
Underneath
Approximate Maximum Magnification of Light Microscope
2000x
Approximate Maximum Magnification of Electron Microscope
2,000,000x
Magnification of Light Microscope
Magnification of Eyepiece Lens*Magnification of Objective Lens
Eyepiece of Microscope
Part of microscope to look through to see specimens
Barrell of Microscope
Part of microscope that can be moved to focus the image
Turret of Microscope
Part of microscope that is rotated to change magnification
Lens of Microscope
Increases magnification of specimen
Stage
Flat surface where specimen is placed
Why are chemical stains used
To see the specimen more clearly
Magnification
Measured Size/Actual Size
Independent Variable
What we change
Control Variable
What we keep the same
Dependant Variable
What we measure
What do enzymes do?
Controlling reactions, break up larger molecules and join smaller molecules.
Enzymes have an optimum…
pH, temperature and substrate concentration
Human body temperature is around…
37*
Rate calculation
Rate = Change / Time
Eg: 5g of protein takes 30 mins to convert-
5/30
Carboghydrases are produced in…
The salivary glands, pancreas and small intestine
Proteases are produced in…
The stomach, pancreas and small intestine
Lipases are produced in…
The pancreas and small intestine
