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Neurobiology > Topic 1 > Flashcards

Topic 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Neurons

A

10% of cells in brain
process information
sensing environment
signal transmission

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2
Q

Glia

A

Support Neurons
immune cells of the brain

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3
Q

Types of Glia

A

Astrocytes
Ependymal
Oligodendroctyes
Microglia

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4
Q

Astrocyte function

A

A for Abundant
support and nourish electrons - scaffold the brain
Regulate the chemical content of extracellular space - by regulating substances that affect neurotransmitter
have end feet - at the end of synapses that
fill in spaces between proteins

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5
Q

Microglia function

A

Immune cells of the brain
Remove threats + clean debris

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6
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

Myelinating cells of the CNS
one oligodendrocytes myelinate many axons

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7
Q

Ependymal

A

Makeup lining of ventricles and spinal cord
produce and circulate cerebrospinal fluid

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8
Q

Cytoarchitecture

A

Celluar structure of the brain

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9
Q

Golgi Stain

A

Staining individual neurons within the brain
Breakthrough in neurology

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10
Q

Neurite

A

A projection from the cell body
2 types - axon and dendrited

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11
Q

Nissil Granules

A

Found in Soma (cell body)
Synthesis proteins
Have a rough ER

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12
Q

Neurotubules

A

Is the cytoskeleton in neurons

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13
Q

Axonplamsa

A

Cytoplasm in the axon hillock

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14
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

Gaps in between myelin sheaths
AP occur in these region, AP can doesn’t occur in myelinated sections

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15
Q

Salatory Conduction

A

AP jumping from node of Ranvier to node of Ranvier

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16
Q

Types of synapses

A

Axoaxonal
Axodendritic
axosomatic

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17
Q

Axoplasmic Trasnport

A

Axon contains microtubules
these microtubules transport proteins down the axon

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18
Q

Antretrograde transport

A

Transport from the cell body to the terminal

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19
Q

Retrograde Transport

A

Transport from the synapse to the soma

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20
Q

Neuronal Classification

A

Classified based on number of neurites
Unipolar
bipolar
multipolar

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21
Q

Stellate

A

Star shaped classification

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22
Q

Pyramidal

A

shape classification
Asymmetrical
Long axon
short dendrite
Looks like a pyramid

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23
Q

Golgi type 1

A

axon length classification
have a long axon

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24
Q

Golgi type 2

A

Axon classification
short axons
synapse with other axons locally

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25
Classified based on structure
Motor neurons sensory neurons interneurons
26
Classified based on Neurtransmitter
dopaminergic neurons relase dopamine GABAergic neurons relase GABA Glutamatergic neurons release glutamate
27
Schwann Cells
myelinate neurons in the PNS 1 Schwann cell: 1 axon
28
Oligodendrocytes
Myelinating cells of the CNS wrap around the axon 1 oligo: numerous axons insulates, nourishes and protects axon allows for salatory conduction Inhibit axonal regrowth Increases speed of AP
29
Microglia
constanly moving in brain montioring for pathogens or cells that may be a threat when activated they morph into phagocytes to exterminate
30
Structure of Myelin
Oligodenrties have spinal structure allows membrane to wrap around axon creates a multilayered structure
31
Satelite cells
Astrocytes of the PNS
32
Nodes of ranvier
Allows for saltatory conduction ensures AP is completely regenerated before firing a new AP
33
Proteins in myelin
Very low protein count - as it has more lipids to allow for insulation
34
MBP
Myelin basic protein most common ensures cell is tightly wrapped around neuron also keeps cytoplasmic surface close to myelin
35
PLP
Proteolipid Protein helps myeline structure without degradation occurred
36
OSP
Oligodendrocyte specfic protein tight junction protein
37
MAG
protein with a carb in it involved with neuron - oligodendrocyte interaction
38
How did they discover Myelin proteins
Genetically engineered rats by removing the gene that codes for the protein, once removed they monitored the symptoms
39
Without PLP
structural abnormailities but still compact
40
Without BMP
poor compaction, degradation
41
Demylination
Loss of structurally sound myelin can occur due to exposure to harmful substances, i.e lead
42
Primary demylination
Type of demyelination when the myelin sheath is lost but the axon underneath is fine
43
Axonal damage
Type of demyelination when the sheath is lost and the axon is damaged
44
Dysmyelination
When the myelin wasn't formed correctly in the first place - usally a genetic mutation
45
Remyelination
The capacity of myelin to regenerate each time it regenerates it won't be the same, usually worse usally caused by an inflammatory response common during early stages of MS
46
Leukodystrophine
Disorders affecting the myelin sheath all genetic and extremely rare i.e Krabbs, pelizaues-mertzbacher, adrenoleukodystrophy
47
Multiple Sclerosis
demyelination caused by an auto-immune response, exact cause is unknown age of onset - 18 - 50
48
MS symptoms
Numbness and tingling in legs, arms, face muscle weakness, blurred vision, extreme tiredness, speech problems
49
Clinically Isolated syndrome
when symptoms only appear for 24 hours
50
Monofocal
only affect one region of the brain resulting in one symptom
51
Mulitfocal
Affects multiple reigons of the brain - causing multiple symptoms
52
How MS happens
T cells with a special ligand are able to break through the blood-brain barrier this allows more receptors to follow suit, like paying the bouncer to let your friends in, i.e lets b cells and other cytotoxins in B-cells bind to myelin causing macrophages to attack then t-cells stop it and remyelination occurs
53
Relapsing-Remitting MS
85% are diagnosed with this attack - gets better and regenerates - relapse occurs and regenerates again but regeneration is never fully completely very slow progression of sympotms
54
Secondary Progressive MS
Starts as RRMS but then the remission period stops and then there is just a gradual prgoression
55
Primary progressive MS
No remission Just a gradual progression
56
Progressive relapsing (PRMS)
Is primary progressive but with remission peroids, Like RRMS except occurs linealry
57
Charcot's Neurlogic Triad
Symptoms of MS Dysarthria Nystagmia International tremors
58
Dysarthia
Difficult or unclear speech occurs when there is plaque in the brainstem
59
Nystagmia
Involuntary rapid eye movements caused by plaque forming on the nreves of the eyes also causes loss of vision, double vision
60
Intenetion tremors
caused by plaque forming on motor neurons causes muscle weakness and fatigue
61
Lhermitte's Sign
when patient bends neck forward, an electric shock radiates down their back and into their limbs
62
MS diagnosis
MRI scan, visual evoked potential test (shows delayed AP), cerebrospinal fluid - high levels of antibodies
63
MS treatment
No cure, give immunosurpressents or corticosteroids (they rebalance amount of inflammatory agents int the brain) plasmapheresis
64
MS prognosis
no cure, just keep giving medication and monitor symptoms
65
Gullian Barr syndrome
demyelination in PNS starts as tingling or paraylsis in feet and ascends can progress to respiratory or heart failure is bilateral appears after a GIT or respiratory infection
66
poly neuropathy
damage to PNS nerves
67
AIDP
Acute inflammatory demylination polyneuropathy - type of GBS
68
AMAN
Acute motor axonal neuropathy attacks nodes of ranvier - decreases conduction velocity
69
Molecular mimicing
Antigens from a previous infection to ones already found in the body , they attach to the axon and macrophages attack them ruining the neuron during the process
70
GBS diagnosis
No specific test can be conducted knee jerk reflex will be absent electromyography - measures electrical activity of muscles - will be reduced
71
GBS treatment
Mostly supportive corticosteroids or immunosuppressant - both reduce activity of the inflammatory and immune response plasmaphoresis
72
acute phase
GBS phase firstly couple weeks symptoms occur and worsen
73
plateu phase
symptoms remain but dont worsen
74
return phase
remyelination occurs
75
phases of GBS
acute phase, plateau phase and return phase
76
PNS remyelination
can occur if axon is still intact occurs very very slowly as it is a complex process

Neurobiology (6 decks)

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