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Neurobiology > Topic 3 > Flashcards

Topic 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Parts of NT system

A

1) Metabolic enzyme that synthesis the NT
2) Vesicle transporter to package the NT
3) The receptor that they bind to
4) The transporter protein that is involved in their re-uptake
5) metabolic enzyme that degrades them

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2
Q

Glutamate

A

Excitaory - causes cation channels to open letting cations in

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3
Q

GABA

A

Inhibitory

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4
Q

Neuropharmacology

A

Drugs that alter the functions of the nervous system

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5
Q

Enhancer

A

doesn’t directly bind to receptor but enhances it’s affects

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6
Q

Antagonists

A

Binds directly to receptor and blocks it

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7
Q

Agonist

A

Mimics NT

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8
Q

Ionotropic receptor

A

embedded in the membrane
Let ions pass through
NT attaches to the outside which will either activate or deactivate it
generally fat

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9
Q

Ionotropic receptor structure

A

5 subunits of protein are put together to form a pentameric structure

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10
Q

Metabotropic receptor

A

uses G-proteins as a second messenger system to activate channel/ response
slower, but longer lasting

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11
Q

G-protein subunits

A

G-alpha
G-beta,gamma

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12
Q

Activation of G-protein

A

1) G-protein is freely floating around
2) NT binds to the Metabotropic receptor, then G-protein binds, then GDP turns into GTP
3) G -protein subunits split and do their own thing
4) GTP is phosphorylated back to GDP
5) Subunits reattach at messenger system stops

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13
Q

Push pull mechanism

A

push - message flows down system
pull - message stops and G-protein tells everybody else to stop

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14
Q

Signal amplification

A

When multiple G-proteins attach and amplify the signal

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15
Q

Convergence

A

One NT activates more than one receptor

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16
Q

Divergence

A

Different NT can act on the same receptor

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17
Q

Glutamate

A

Amino Acid NT
Inotropic and metabotropic
cognitive function, synaptic plasticity

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18
Q

Glutamate inoptropic receptors

A

AMPA
NDMA
Kainate

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19
Q

Glutamate Metabotropic receptors

A

mGluRs

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20
Q

AMPA and NMDA

A

often found together and working together, NDMA will often experience a magnesium block at -65mv
therefore AMPA has to do all the work

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21
Q

GABA

A

synthesised from glutamate
by GAD (GLUTAMIC ACID DECARBOXYLASE)
Action is terminated by takeup by GABA transporter and is then degraded

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22
Q

GABA receptors

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A

Alpha - ionotropic
Beta - metabotropic - Ggamma binds to k+ channels - lowering membrane making it harder for an action potential to occur

23
Q

Benzodiazapene (valium)

Study These Flashcards
A

Anxiety Medication
increase the frequency of GABAalpha receptors opening

24
Q

Barbituates

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A

Act on GABAalpha receptors - keep gates open for longer
sedating affect

25
Glycine
only inotropic inhibitory caffeine is an antagonist for it abundant in brainstem and spinal cord
26
Acetylcholine
Ach neuromuscular junction Activates muscle contraction Excitatory synthesized from Acetyl CoA and choline degraded by acetylcholinesterase in synaptic cleft - reuptake of choline is the limiting reagent
27
ACh Receptors
Nicotinic ionotropic activation causes skeletal muscle to contract Curare is antagonist for this Muscaronic Metabotropic Found in the heart Activates heart, GIT, bladder Atropine is an antagonist
28
Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitor
Leaves ACh in the synaptic cleft for longer as it prevents it degradation
29
Reversible AChE inhibtiors
Neostigmine - treat Mystania Gravis and Alzheimers
30
Irreversible AChE Inhibitors
not clinically used organophosphates, pesticides
31
Catecholamines
Dopamine, noradrenaline, adrenaline movement, mood regulation, attention all synthesised from tyrosine hydroxylase converts tyrosine to dopamine dopamine hydroxylase then onverts it to noradredaline
32
Catecholamine Receptors
All metabortropic
33
Termination of catecholamines
Dopamine is taken up by dopamine transport noradrenaline - taken up by noradredaline transporter both are then degraded in presynaptic terminal
34
Serotonin
Acts only on metabotropic receptors AKA 5HT comes from the amino acid tryptophan tryptophan - hydroxylase- 5HT - decarboxylase to Serotonin Mood, sleep, emotional behaviour terminated by re-uptake of serotonin transporter
35
SSRI
Selective Serotonin reuptake inhibitor stops the reuptake of serotonin so it stays in synaptic cleft for longer used to treat depression
36
Endocannaboids
Retrograde messenger go from post synaptic to pre synaptic bind to their own cannaboid receptors but can affect GABA, glycine and glutamate receptors
37
Myasthina Gravis
Autoimmune disease affects skeletal muscle B-cells bind to nictonic recepetors, preventing ACh from binding
38
MG symtoms
Fatigue that worsens throughout the day or with exercise droopy eyelids (affects extra occular muscle) weaker doing repetitive movements muscle weakness tiredness that improves with rest
39
Types of MG
ocular MG - only affects the extraocular eye muscles Generalised MG
40
MG Diagnosis
Tensilon test - given ultra short acting AChE to see if it stops the droopy eyes Nerve conduction Anitbody test
41
MG treatment and prognosis
AchE inhibtors corticosteroids plasmaphoresis
42
Hyperklexia
Exaggerated startle response all muscles stiffen then the person faints but remains consciousness drop seizures caused by a gentic mutation in the glycine receptor
43
Hyperklexia Treatment
no cure give benzodiazapene
44
Classifying Sezuires
1) generalised or focal 2) if patient still has awareness 3) Degree of motor involvment
45
Focal seziure
Only affects one portion of the brain whatever portion is affect the symptoms will manifest accordingly two types focal aware focal dyscognitive - loss of awareness
46
Genralised
When multiple areas of the brain are affected
47
Tonic - clonic
Tonic - all muscles contract and patient fall with teeth clenched and eyes open clonic - convulsions
48
Absence Seizure
Short period of impaired conscouiness zoned out
49
Atonic seizure
All muscles contract and the patient falls to the ground but they still fully aware
50
Myoclonic
Myo - muscle clonic - contract muscle contraction / jerks can be one muscle or multiple patient is fully aware
51
Status Epilepticus
a series of seizure where there is no regain of consciousness
52
Epilepsy Diagnosis
EEG Medical History MRI genetic testing
53
Treatment
Phenytoin - stops repetitive activation of sodium channels Valproate - unclear mechanism of action

Neurobiology (6 decks)

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