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Microbiology 201H > Topic #1 > Flashcards

Topic #1 Flashcards

Learn Topic 1 from Exam #1

1
Q

Robert Hooke

A

First to see microbes - saw fruiting structure of mold. Published in Micrographia in 1665

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2
Q

Antony van Leeuwenhoek

A

Saw “wee animalcules,” bacterial cells, in 1676. Used 300x magnification with Dark-Field.

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3
Q

Francesco Redi

A

Meat & Maggots experiment to disprove Spontaneous Generation in Macrobes

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4
Q

Spontaneous Generation

A

The first question of Microbiology. Can living matter arise from non-living matter?

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5
Q

Louis Pasteur & Spontaneous Generation

A

Gun-Cotton filters to show microbes were in the air. Swan-Neck flask trapped microbes while still allowing “good air” into the broth:::No Spontaneous Generation in microbes.

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6
Q

Louis Pasteur & Diseases

A

Worked in silkworm protozoans. Rabies Vaccine (Joseph Meister). Cholera. Pastuerization started with wine spoilage.

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7
Q

Joseph Tyndall

A

Tyndallization - Discontinuous heating lead to endospores - answered the “how long do you heat it for” question.

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8
Q

Ferdinand Cohn

A

Proved endospores existed at same time as Tyndall

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9
Q

Agostino Bassi

A

Proved a silkworm disease came from a fungus in 1835.

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10
Q

Germ Theory of Diseases

A

Question #2 - Can microbes cause diseases in animals? Bassi was the first to answer this fundamentally, others soon followed.

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11
Q

Miles Berkeley

A

Proved existence of Potato Blight Fungus. Got rich because it was important

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12
Q

Joseph Lister

A

Pushed for cleaner hospital practice which in turn lowered death rates - Listerine named in honor of him

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13
Q

Robert Koch

A

ID’d Anthrax & TB bacteria. Postulates for Germ Theory proved that it existed. Developed solid media - agar not gelatin

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14
Q

Koch’s Postulate #1

A

Suspected pathogen has to be present in 100% of cases of disease and 0% in healthy organisms.

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15
Q

Koch’s Postulate #2

A

Suspected Pathogen must be grown in pure culture (spurred agar media)

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16
Q

Koch’s Postulate #3

A

Cells from pure culture put into healthy animal must cause disease

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17
Q

Koch’s Postulate #4

A

Suspected Pathogen must be reisolated & same as original pure culture

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18
Q

Fannie Hesse

A

Koch’s lab: Wife of lab assistant who suggested Agar as the solid media over gelatin

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19
Q

Richard Petri

A

Koch’s lab assistant who developed Petri Dish

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20
Q

Edward Jenner

A

Noticed maids w/cowpox never got smallpox. Infected farmboy with cowpox, then smallpox; he didn’t get smallpox. First (attenuated) vaccine. 1798.

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21
Q

Martinus Beijerinck

A

Enrichment Culture technique - isolation done by selective nutrient growth. Also discovered TMV (Tobacco Mosaic Virus) which was beginning of Virology. Nitrogen Fixers.

22
Q

Sergei Winogradsky

A

Microbial rxns in soil - without real media still occur. Chemolithotrophy. Autotrophy.

23
Q

Chemolithotrophy

A

Bacteria that can gain energy from non-organics

24
Q

Autotrophy

A

Taking fully oxidized carbon and converting them to reduced carbs

25
Q

Attenuated Vaccines

A

Using live things to vaccinate against other diseases. Pasteur & Meister (Rabies); Jenner (Smallpox)

26
Q

Fermentation

A

Microbial because spontaneous sometimes? Yeast & lactic acid

27
Q

Pasteurization

A

Partial heating to prevent wine spoilage

28
Q

Microbial Ecology

A

Showing microbial interaction w/environments
Beijerinck with Enrichment Cultures of soil/water & TMV.
Winogradsky with energy from non-organic sources.

29
Q

Types of Microscopes

A

4 Light: Bright-Field, Phase-Contrast, Dark-Field, Flourescence.
2 Electron: Transmission (TEM), Scanning (SEM)

30
Q

Refraction

A

Slowing & Bending of light

31
Q

Focus issues with no lenses

A

Stuff gets blurry when you get close. Looking for shorter Focal Length.

32
Q

Compound Microscopes

A

Microscopes with 2+ lenses - solves 1-lens problem (only 10-15x per lens).

33
Q

Focal Point

A

The thing you’re focusing at

34
Q

Focal Length

A

The distance between Focal Point and Lens

35
Q

Parfocal

A

Picture being in focus for multiple lenses. Expen$ive

36
Q

Bright-Field Microscopes & Advantages

A

Ocular with 10x lenses; multiple objective lenses on turret. Field is bright. Intermediate image between lenses.

37
Q

Resolution Description

A

The ability to distinguish two objects from one another. How close can these two things be and I can tell the difference between them?

38
Q

Resolution Distance Formula

A

d=(.5λ)/Numerical Aperture

d= minimum distance two objects can be apart to tell the difference.

39
Q

Numerical Aperture

A

Measures light-gathering ability. Shows refractive Index. Works best at low λ.

40
Q

Staining

A

Coloration of microbes to avoid the issue with light passing through clear microbes. Works great on Bright-Field.

41
Q

Heat Fixation

A

Attaches microbes to slide using heat (&/or chemicals). Inactivates stray enzymes on the slide.

42
Q

Gram Staining Steps

A
  1. Crystal Violet - All Cells Purple
  2. Iodine - Mordant for some cells
  3. Alcohol Decolorization - washes off purple from Gram Negs (where mordant failed)
  4. Safranin counterstain - makes now clear Gram Negs pink/red
43
Q

Chromophore Dyes

A

Dyes that absorb light

44
Q

Charged Dyes

A

Basic Dyes have + charges (more common)

Acidic Dyes have - charges

45
Q

Differential (i.e. Gram) Staining

A

To differentiate between specific attributes of cells. Gram- peptidoglycan levels.

46
Q

Phase-Contrast Microscope & Advantages

A

Uses Condenser to focus light. We only see the light reflected by the cell. Looks like dark-fieldish.

No Staining, fixation req’d. Useful for long, thin stuff.

(van Leeuwenhoek)

47
Q

3-D Image Microscopy

A

3 Types:

  1. Differential Intereference Contrast
  2. Atomic Force
  3. Confocal Scanning Laser
48
Q

Transmission Electron Microscope

A

Electron Beam passes directly through the specimen in a vacuum (to keep air/stuff out).
Lenses = magnets to focus beam
Electrons = Heated Tungsten Filament
Dark on light background. Detection comes from film, not your eyeball.

Works b/c λ is shorter than a photon’s; better resolution. Requires really thin sections of specimen.

49
Q

Staining in EM

A

Aim to enhance electron density of specimen.
Heavy Metal Salts - Good at deflecting electrons (uranyl acetates)
+ Stains: can see internal structures b/c increased e- density
- Stains: if background is stained

50
Q

Platinum Shadowing

A

Coat specimen in platinum - way better electron density for reflection

51
Q

Scanning EM

A

Used for shapes & surfaces
Usually coat specimen with gold to get 3D fashion
Scan beam @ 45 degree angle->Software constructs image from input.

52
Q

Fluorescence Microscope

A

Plays off of biological fluorescence. Microscope emits excitation wavelength of light=passes through to light tube. Used sparingly - sometimes in diagnostics b/c antibodies have specific dyes esp. in mixed

Microbiology 201H (5 decks)

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