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Microbiology 201H > Topic #3 - Cell Structure > Flashcards

Topic #3 - Cell Structure Flashcards

(72 cards)

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1
Q

Cell Wall chemistry

A

Chemically Distinct - peptidoglycan is not anywhere else on planet

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2
Q

Periplasmic Space

A

Between Wall & Membrane

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3
Q

Cytoplasmic Membrane (or Plasma Membrane)

A

Selectively permeable membrane - moves stuff in & out. Contains lipids & proteins

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4
Q

Nucleoid Region

A

Localization of genetic material - no membrane

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5
Q

Cytoplasmic Membrane: Permeability Barrier

A

Selectively permeable - Active & Passive Transport

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6
Q

Cytoplasmic Membrane: Energy

A

Proton Motive Force: Charge gradient that creates energy (Also conservation)

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7
Q

Protein Anchors (Receptors)

A

Integrated or otherwise proteins - important for Transport, Chemotaxi & bioenergetics

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8
Q

Water Polarity

A

Positively charged hydrogen side = Ability for it to be a universal solvent (hydrophilic)

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9
Q

Hydrophilic

A

Water Loving - polar molecules

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10
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Water Fearing - Non-polar molecules

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11
Q

Amphipathic

A

Both polar & non-polar

Lipids in membranes

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12
Q

Lipid Amphipathicity

A

Fatty Acid=Hydrophobic

Glycerol phosphate=Hydrophilic

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13
Q

Cell membrane overview

A

6-8 nm thin
Lots of proteins
Unit Membrane

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14
Q

Integral Protein

A

Embedded all the way through membrane (transport). Hard to get rid of.

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15
Q

Peripheral proteins

A

Firmly assocated with membrane (usually stuck on integral membranes)

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16
Q

Unit Membrane

A

The phospholipid bilayer + Integral proteins. The whole kitten kaboodle

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17
Q

Fluid Mosaic Model

A

Proteins not fixed in space - mobile. (pieces of meat sliding on heating pan with no fixed position)

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18
Q

Hopanoids

A

Bacterial cholesterol - for mobility of proteins in unit membrane. Similar to cholesterol. Most abundant molecule on planet.

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19
Q

Bacteria/Eukarya: Membrane Lipids

A

Linkage of side chain & glycerol with Ester bond (organic acid group)

Fatty Acid Sidechain

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20
Q

Archaea: Membrane Lipids

A

Linkage of side chain & Glycerol with Ether bond (No org. acid group)

Hydrocarbon Side Chain (Isoprene)

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21
Q

Monolayer

A

Found only with tetraethers (super strong) in Archaean hyperthermophiles.

Contrasts with bilayer - no hydrophobicity in between 2 lipids - just one long lipid.

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22
Q

Permeability: Simple Diffusion

A

Scarce - need small size & uncharged.

Oxygen, CO2 & water are biggest diffusers.

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23
Q

Why water diffuses

A

Flexible membrane & weak hydrophobic forces in the middle.

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24
Q

Specific Transport Types

A

Active: Spends energy - against gradients
Passive: No energy - with gradients

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25
Simple Transporters
1. Uniporter 2. Antiporter 3. Symporter
26
Uniporters
No PMF used - Passive transport QED facilitated diffusion
27
Antiporter
Use PMF - H+ & a substrate move in opposite directions
28
Symporter
Use PMF - H+ & substrate move in same direction
29
Proton Directionality in PMF
Outside of cell to Inside of cell ALWAYS in simple transport Doesn't depend on substrate In to out: Makes PMF Out to In: Uses PMF
30
Group Translocation Overview
Substrate is chemically modified during transport through the membrane
31
Glucose Phosphotransferase - Group Translocation Example
Yields energetic Phosphate from PEP 1. Membrane spanning protein (2c or not 2c) 2. P transfered to glucose during transport 3. P makes transport directional & irreversible
32
Glucose Phosphotransferase Production
PEP>ATP | Glucose-6-P is huge b/c Glycolysis is already started
33
ATP Binding Cassette
ATP hydrolysis produces the energy in this transporter.
34
ABC - Where
In periplasmic proteins (not integrated) binds substrate. Protein docks to membrane spanning complex
35
ATP - How
ATP Hydrolysis process (on cassette) docked onto membrane-spanning complex
36
Periplasmic Binding Proteins: Gram + vs. Gram-
G+: Periplasmic Binding Protein is free floating (Large periplasm) G-: Periplasmic Binding Protein always docked
37
Prokaryotes without cell walls
Mycoplasmas & Thermoplasma - Have outtermost part is the plasma membrane
38
Osmotic Strength
Ability to take pressure of water - the cell wall does it like a car tire
39
Hypotonic
Osmotic Strength of environment is less than in the cell
40
Isotonic
Osmotic Strength inside & outside of cell are the same
41
Hypertonic
Environment has much higher osmotic strength than inside cell. i.e. Saturated salt solutions
42
Lysozyme
Degrades bacterial cell wall - a defense mechanism
43
Lysozyme in Hypotonic solutions
Cell will burst - More H2O moves into cell than out.
44
Penicillin Functionality
Interferes with cell wall synthesis. Stops D-Alanine bonds with DAP
45
Plasmolysis
Occurs in hypertonic - Cell shrinks (water sucked out). Membrane pulls away from wall -> Larger periplasm. Cells can usually prevent this.
46
Gram + Peptidoglycan
20-80 nm thick (big peptidoglycan)
47
Gram- Peptidoglycan
2-7 nm thick (thin layer squashed between 2 membranes) to accompany the outer membrane (not plasma)
48
Gram+ Periplasm
Located between wall & cytoplasmic membrane. Has proteins in exoenzymes.
49
Gram- Periplasm
Is all the space between all the membranes. Can be quite large. Contains lots of proteins
50
Peptidoglycan Makeup
2 Sugars (variable) + 4 amino acids. Change in sugars & how these 2 categories are linked
51
NAG & NAM in Gram Negatives
"N-Acetyl" - acetate attached to amino group Plus Glucose Plus Amino group Has Lysine
52
Order of A.A. attachment in G-
1. L-Alanine 2. D-glutamic acid 3. Lysine 4. D-Alanine
53
Order of A.A. attachment in G+
1. L-Alanine 2. D-glutamic acid 3. DAP (Different) 4. D-Alanine
54
How Sugars & AA's link
1. Glycosyl linkages between NAG & NAM | 2. Peptide cross links between D-Alanine & DAP of another
55
Peptide Interbridge
Gram Positve only - links side chains of NAG & NAM. Flexibility.
56
Cross-Linked polymer
Glycosyl & interbridges make a mesh.
57
Gram + Cell Walls
Many layers of peptidoglycan | Teichoic acids
58
Gram - Cell Walls
``` No Teichoic Acids Few Peptidoglycan layers Braun's Lipoprotein for connectivity Porins Lipopolysccharides ```
59
Teichoic Acids
``` Perpendicular to peptidoglycan (sticks out) Ribitol & glycerol - linked by P's Often made of AA's/Sugar (D-Alanine) Strength: Bonds to NAM Negative Charge ```
60
Lipoteichoic acids
Bound to membrane via a lipid
61
Braun's lipoprotein
Connects the peptidoglycan & outer membrane
62
Porins
Pores of cells - diffuses larger molecules Specific of general 3 tube structures w/4 pores (the Christmas Pretzel)
63
Lipopolysaccharides
``` Most outer leaflet of outer membrane (G-) Rough appearance Endotoxin Antigenic 1. Lipid A 2. Core polysaccharide 3. O-Specific polysaccharide (antigen) ```
64
Endotoxin
Toxic component that is part of the cell (makes fevers happen)
65
Lipid A
Part of outer leaflet of membrane- Glucosamine & Fatty Acids The actual endotoxin
66
Core Polysaccharide
Constant for all species
67
O-specific polysaccharide
Antigenic determinant Variable at species level (EColi O157) Variable to avoid immunity
68
LPS Phosphates influence
Makes G- Cells negatively charged (dyeing important)
69
Archaean Cell Walls
Lack outer membranes Pseudopeptidoglycan Polysaccharide Layers S-Layer
70
Pseudopeptidoglycan
NAM is replaced by other stuff Glycosyl linkages resist Lysozyme-R Amino Acids are different
71
Polysaccharide Layers
Around archaean cells - not a capsule
72
S-Layer
Lattice crystalline interlocking proteins/glycoproteins

Microbiology 201H (5 decks)

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