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Botany 380 > Topic 1 > Flashcards

Topic 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Dermal

A

trichromes and outgrowth

secrete secondary compounds

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2
Q

Vascular

A

long distance transport of material

- xylem and phloem

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3
Q

Ground tissue

A

between vascular and dermal

  • support and storage
  • w/n vascular tissue = pith
  • external to vascular tissue = cortex
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4
Q

xylem

A 
water from roots to shoots
water conducting cells
tracheas and vessel elements 
dead
reinforced by primary and secondary cell walls - prevent collapsing
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5
Q

phloem

A 
transport sugars from site of synthesis to the roots 
live cells
sieve tube members, sieve plates
lack organelles
companion cells 
connected via plasmodesmata
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6
Q

translocation

A

phloem movement

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7
Q

transpiration

A

xylem movement

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8
Q

alleopathy

A

release of chemical substance that has harmful effects on neighbouring plants

  • decrease in competition
  • ex. black walnuts, eucalyptus leaf, tree of heaven
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9
Q

Volatile organic compounds

A

plant symbiotic communication
warning to activate defenders
ex. sage and tomatoes
- sage releases methy jasmonate when crushed, stimulates nearby tomatoes to produce protease inhibitors that kill insects

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10
Q

morphine synthesized and stored in _________

A

seed capsule

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11
Q

gingsenosides synthesized and stored in ___________

A

roots

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12
Q

nicotine synthesizes in _________ and stored in __________

A

roots

leaves

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13
Q

mevalonic acid pathway synthesizes

A

terpenes from acetyl coA

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14
Q

shikimic acid pathway synthesizes

A

alkaloids and phenolics from aromatic amino acids

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15
Q

malonic acid pathway synthesizes

A

phenolics

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16
Q

krebs cycle synthesizes

A

aliphatic amino acid precursors for alkaloids

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17
Q

geraniol

A

non cyclic terpene ex

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18
Q

limonene

A

cyclic terpene ex

oranges

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19
Q

nicotine

A

simple plant alkaloid ex

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20
Q

ergotamine

A

complex plant alkaloid ex

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21
Q

reject null hypothesis when null hypothesis is true (_________ error)

A

false positive, type 1

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22
Q

reject null hypothesis when null hypothesis is false (correct outcome)

A

true positive

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23
Q

accept null hypothesis when null hypothesis is true (correct outcome)

A

true negative

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24
Q

accept null hypothesis when null hypothesis is false (_________ error)

A

false negative, type II

25
Pharmacodynamics
The action of a drug on the body through a receptor in which it binds with (or through other mechanisms)
26
Pharmacokinetics
the action of the body involving the absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination (ADME) of the drug
27
grazers choose fruits with lower levels of ________
glycoalkaloids
28
phenolic compounds in grapes
defence, anti fungal, antibacterial, toxic to insects
29
flavonoids
phenolic compounds, absorb UV light | "sunscreen"
30
Furanocoumarins
light induced chemical toxin | - causes fagopyrism, treats psoriasis
31
major producer of E and organic building blocks??
Leaves!
32
primary metabolic pathways
PPP, Krebs, glycolysis | production of ATP, Has, FAs
33
terpenese
``` relative of stewards synthesized from mevalonic acid pathway from acetyl-coa isoprene units rings or linear multiples of 5C ```
34
Alkaloids
``` contain N high pH water soluble Shikimic acid pathway from aromatic AAs krebs from aliphatic AAs ex. nicotine protection against grazing ```
35
lycoctonine
``` alkaloid from Larkspur plant stored in leaves poisonous kills cattle kill human lice, kill mites delousing agent in medieval times, battle of waterloo, and American civil war ```
36
digitoxin
terpene cardiac glycoside improve heart function (if too high of a dose -> lethal)
37
oxytocin
from pituitary gland acts on uterus and mammary glands hormone induces lactation and uterus contractions during childbirth
38
transgenic
genetically modified plants/animals have undergone the introduction of DNA into their chromosomes in order to get new genetic traits
39
Agrobacterium
soil microbe genetically engineers host plant "gene taxi"
40
TILLing
targeted induced local lesions | checks to see if mutation sin your gene of interest
41
RNAi
interference RNA | introduce an mRNA that will bind to a coding mRNA and cause its degradation
42
clone-by-clone sequencing
1. order large insert closes by overlapping fingerprints to create physical map 2. select clones with min overlap 3. divide into sub clones 4. sequence subclones 5. assemble sub clones to create genome sequence pros: min # of sequencing reactions needed; straightforward cons: tedious process of building the map
43
Shot gun sequencing
Craig venter break the genome into fragments that are small enough to be sequenced, then reassemble the genome by looking for overlaps in the sequence of each fragment avoids physical map requires many more sequencing reactions problematic when size of fragments is smaller than the length of repetitive DNA efficient
44
human genome required
combo of shot gun and physical mapping
45
why do sequencing projects rarely include centromeric or telomere DNA?
because they are highly repetitive
46
Dr. Page sequenced Cannabis gene with
shot gun
47
physical map
rep of a genome made on cloned DNA fragments
48
BAC
contain 100kb fragmentments
49
contig
a set of overlapping clones
50
purpose of DNA sequencing
to determine the order of nucleotide bases w/n a given fragment of DNA - infer protein sequences - study reg. of gene expression
51
DNA polymerases incorporate..
dNTPs into growing strand of DNA based on template | add new base only to the 3'OH group of an existing strand
52
terminators
modified nucleotides for DNA sequencing ex. ddNTPs, lack 3'OH, therefore cannot serve as as an attachment site for new bases to a growing strand of DNA - terminates elongation
53
DNA sequencing vs PCR
DNA seq. does not amplify sequence, only 1 primer is used
54
max length sequence read from a single sequencing reaction
700bp
55
sequence rxn steps
many identical copies of template DNA fragment denature template primers annealed to template add polymerase, dNTPs, fluorescently labels terminators extension begins at primer site elongation proceeds until a fluorescent terminator is incorporated `
56
Transcriptome
sum total of all mRNA expressed from the organisms genome dynamic (always changes) provides the sequence of a gene, which can be used to isolate cDNA
57
SAGE
serial analysis of gene expression | profile of all transcripts being expressed
58
transcript profiling
sequence 100 of thousands of cDNA, then looking at frequency (# of hits) of any one cDNA) any gene that is expressed in high freq. will be detected repeatedly in a random sampling of the transcriptome

Botany 380 (6 decks)

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