Topic 1-Basic Biochemistry And Cell Structure Flashcards by hannah fowler

The four inorganic ions

Calcium Ca2+
Magnesium Mg2+
Iron (11) Fe2+
Phosphate PO43-

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What does carbohydrates contain

Carbon oxygen hydrogen

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What are the two main functions of carbohydrates

Source of energy in plants and animals

Structural role in plant cell walls

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Why are monosaccharides called isomers

They have the same formula but have different molecular structure

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What is the difference between an Alpha glucose and a Beta glucose

The H and the OH are reversed on Carbon 1

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How is a disaccharide formed

Formed when two monosaccharides are linked together by a condensation reaction with the removal of one water molecule forming a glycosidic bond

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What disaccharide is formed with A glucose and a glucose

Maltose

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What disaccharide is formed with A glucose and B fructose

Sucrose

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What disaccharide is formed with B glucose and B galactose

Lactose

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Five organic ions

Carbon hydrogen oxygen nitrogen sulfur

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How is a polysaccharide formed

From very large numbers of monosaccharide units linked together by condensation reactions

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How is a disaccharide broken down

By a hydrolysis reaction . A water molecule is added

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What is amylose

Long chain molecule made up of a alpha glucose monomer joined by a1,4 glycosidic bonds and forms an alpha helix. Held together by hydrogen bonds

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What is amylopectin

Highly branched molecule made up of alpha glucose monomers joined by a1,4 glycosidic bonds which also has side chains formed by a 1,6 glycosidic bonds

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What is Glycogen

The energy storage carbohydrate of animals

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What does glycogen consist of

Long branched chains of glucose monomers linked by 1,4 or 1,6 glycosidic links

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Why are starch and glycogen are storage polysaccharides

Because the glycosidic bond is already hydrolysed

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What is chitin

A tough modified polysaccharide made up of chains of beta glucose molecules

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How does chitin differ to cellulose

It is almost the same as cellulose however the OH group at carbon 2 is replaced by a nitrogen containing group (NH CO CH3)

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Why do insects have an chitin exoskeleton

It’s strong and waterproofing

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Name a storage polysaccharide found in animals

Glycogen

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Name a storage polysaccharide found in plants

Starch

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What do lipids contain

Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen but with a much less oxygen content that carbohydrates

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What are the properties of lipids

Insoluble in water
Fats are solids at room temperature
Oils are liquids at room temperature

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How are lipids formed

By a condensation reaction between glycerol and molecules of fatty acids

What is the general formula of a lipid

RCOOH

What represents the R in | Lipids

The allkyl group

What is a triglyceride

Formed when a molecule of glycerol and three fatty acids join together

What is the bond found in a lipid

Ester bond

How is a phospholipid formed

When one of the fatty acid groups of a triglyceride is replaced by a phosphate group

What are saturated fatty acids

Contain the maximum number of hydrogen atoms and only single bonds between carbon atoms . Formed with straight chains. Tend gone solids at room temperature

How is a unsaturated fatty acids formed

Contain some double bonded carbon atoms and have fewer number of hydrogen atoms They have kinks in the straight chains Tend to be liquids at room temperature

How many amino acids make up proteins

Why do we get different amino acids

Because of the allkyl group 'r' group

What do proteins contain

Carbon hydrogen oxygen and nitrogen

What are the two groups in a protein

An amino group and a carboxyl group

What is the amino group in an amino acid

The positive side of the amino acid, NH2

What is the carboxyl side of an amino acid

The negative side of the amino acid | COOH

Describe the primary level of a protein

It is a polypeptide chain held together by peptide bonds

What is the bonding in a primary structure of a protein

Peptide

Describe the secondary structure of a protein

The polypeptide chain is folded into an alpha helix, held in place by hydrogen bonds between the peptide bonds in the polypeptide chain

What is the bonding in a secondary structure of a protein

Hydrogen

What is the importance of magnesium in plants

It used to form the green pigment chlorophyll

What is the importance of iron

It's is a component of haemoglobin, which is used to transport oxygen around the blood

What is the importance of calcium

It is used to strengthen teeth and bones and cell walls in plants

What is the importance of phosphate

Used to form phospholipids which make up cell membranes

How does the structure of glucose differ from DNA

Glucose is a hexose sugar, which has 6 carbon atoms | DNA is a pentode sugar and has 5 carbon ATMs

Which biochemical test could be used to determine if a protein is present in a solution (1 mark)

A biuret test

Why is water described as a polar molecule

Because it has a slight uneven distribution of electrical charge with slightly positively charged hydrogen atoms and slightly negatively charged oxygen atoms

Why are there cohesion forces between water molecules?

ASK MISS

What is the basic unit of a carbohydrate

Monosaccharide

What is an isomer

Molecules that have the same chemical formula but different molecular structure

What is a polymer

A large chain molecule made of repeating units called monomers

What is the main difference between alpha glucose and beta glucose

The H and the OH on carbon atom number one are reversed

What property of water ,means that cells have a relatively consistent internal temperature

High specific heat capacity

Which polysaccharide is used for storage in animals

Glycogen

Which bonds give cellulose fibres their strength

Hydrogen bonds

How does chitin differ from other polysaccharides

Contains a nitrogen containing group

What is the bond in a triglyceride called

Ester bond

Give examples of globular proteins

Enzymes and hormones

Give examples of fibrous proteins

Keratin and collagen

Describe fibrous proteins

Structural proteins with a secondary structure that are insoluble in water

Describe globular proteins

Have a tertiary or quaternary structure, and a metabolic function. They are soluble in water

Describe the biochemical test for a protein

Write out

Describe the biochemical test for a reducing sugar

Write it out

Describe the biochemical for a non reducing sugar

Write it out

Describe the biochemical test for a lipid

Write it out

Name a protein that has a quaternary structure and give its function

Haemoglobin, transport oxygen in red blood cells

What are the two types of secondary structure

Alpha helix and beta pleated sheet

What is the primary structure of a protein

The type number and sequence of amino acids that form a polypeptide, joined by peptide bonds