Topic 1: Basic Concepts of Animal Structure Flashcards
(55 cards)
1
Q
What are the Anatomic Planes of Reference?
A
- Sagittal
- Frontal (Coronal Plane)
- Transverse
- Median
2
Q
Sagittal Plane & words to describe
A
- Runs the length of the body (vertical) and divides it into left and right parts of the body that are not always equal
- Vertical - Animal Standing in front
Types:
1. Medial: Close or towards the medial plane (vertical line that splits down the middle)
ex. medial side of leg is closest to the body
- Lateral: Away from the medial plane
ex. lateral side of the leg is the side on the outside
3
Q
Dorsal Plane –> Humans Frontal (Coronal) Plane
A
- Divides body into dorsal (towards animals back) and ventral (towards animals belly) parts are not necessarily equal
- Retain its meaning regardless of the animals position
Types:
1. Dorsal: Towards the backbone or vertebral column –> Away from ground
- Ventral: Away from vertebral column (towards belly)
4
Q
Transverse Plane & words to describe
A
- Acrossthe body that divides into cranial (head-end) & caudal (tail-end) parts that are not nessarily equal
Types:
1. Cranial (Anterior): Towards the head
ex. A pig shoulder is located anterior to its hip (rump area)
- Caudal (Posterior): Towards the tail
ex. The hip (rump area) is caudal to the shoulder
5
Q
Define Anatomy
A
Deals with the form and structure of the body and its parts (what things look like and where they are located
6
Q
Define Physiology
A
Deals with the functions of the body and its parts (how things work and what they do)
7
Q
What are the types of Anatomy
A
- Microscopic anatomy (deals w structures so small, you need a microscope to see i.e. cells & tissues)
- Macroscopic anatomy (deals w body parts large enough to be seen w the unaided eye i.e organs, muscles and bones
8
Q
Describe Rostral
A
- Means towards the tip of the nose
- Used only to describe positions or directions on the head
ex. an animals eyes are located rostral to its ears
9
Q
What does deep (Internal) mean
A
- Towards the center of the body or body part
10
Q
What does superfical (External) mean
A
- Towards the surface of the body or body part
11
Q
Proximal
A
- Used to describe positions only on legs,ears, and tails
- Means towards the body
ex. The proximal end of the tail attaches it to the body
12
Q
Distal
A
- Used to describe positions only on legs, ears, and tails
- Means away from the body
ex. The toes are located on the distal end of the leg
13
Q
What is carpus?
A
- Equivalent to humans wrist
14
Q
What is palmar Surface?
A
- The back surface of the front leg from the carpus distally
- Similar to the palm of our hand
- Proximal to the carpus its caudal surface
15
Q
What is plantar surface?
A
-The back of the hind leg from the tarsus distally
- Like the plantar or ground surface of our foot
16
Q
What is Tarsus?
A
- Equivalent to our ankle
17
Q
What is the adjective for cattle?
A
Bovine
18
Q
What is the adjective for Sheep
A
Ovine
19
Q
What is the adjective for Pigs
A
Porcine
20
Q
What is the adjective for Horses
A
Equine
21
Q
Explain the process when breeding animals and what meat they are used for
A
- They do not enter the food chin until the end of their reproductive life
- When they do enter the food chain they are often used in processed products as they can be less tendor or have unusal flavour (males) –> not including cocks `
22
Q
What is the adjective for Goats
A
Caprine
23
Q
Cattle Names:
A
Father: Bull
Mother: Cow
Newborn: Calves
Newborn female: Heifer
Newborn male (not castrated): Bull
Newborn male (castrtated): steer calf
Castrated male: steer
24
Q
Neonate meaning
A
Newborn (first 28 days of their life)
25
Pig names:
Father: Boar
Mother: Sow
Newborn: Piglets
Newborn female: Gilt
Newborn male: Boar
Castrated male: Barrow
26
Sheep names:
Father: Ram
Mother: Ewe
Newborns: Lambs
Newborn female: Ewe
Newborn male: Ram
Castrated male: Wether
27
Chicken Names:
Father: Cock
Mother: Hen
Newborns: Chicks
Female chick: Pullet
Male chick: Cockerel
Castrated male: Capon
28
Geese/Duck names
Newborns: Duckling, gosling
29
Turkey names
Father: Tom
Mother: Hen
Newborn: Poult
30
Name 3 ways to catrate males
1. Surgical removal
- Most common
- Physically removing the testicles through an incision in the scrotum
- Reliable and permanent
2. Crushing of spermatic cords to disrupt blood supply
- Bloodless technique
- No injection --> might be painful & riskof failure
3. Chemical (Immunological approch):
- Stops testicular function
- Avoids pain & stress
- May require muliple doses --> not always effective
- Becoming more popular
31
Why do we have beef castrates (practical aspects)?
1. Stops the production of male hormones
2. Prevents unplanned mating
3. Decreases aggresion to enhance safety for handlers/animals
4. Decreases cost of management (larger, stronger facilities)
32
Why do we have beef castrates (productivity aspects)?
1. Slows muscle growth
2. Increases rate of fat tissue disposition
3. Improves meat quality: tenderness, colour, juciness
33
When a cattle is castrated what happens to the marbling
- On castrated beef marbling is increased and a brighter red
- Non-castrated beef has little marbling and a darker colour--> testosternone levels promote lean muscle growth over fat deposition leading to less marbling
34
Why do we have pork castrates?
1. Avoid aggressive behavoir to prevent injuries of other pigs
2. Avoid boar taint from non-castrated males
35
Explain 'boar taint' and why its bad
- Unpleasent odar in male pork
- Percvided as urine or fecal-like odar
- Impactful in the pork industry
36
Why do we have sheep castrates?
NOTE: Lamb meat quality is not affected by castration
1. Prevents of inbreeding
2. Avoids unwanted pregnancies and mating of young females
3. Manipulation of carcass traits depending or the production strategy
37
Why do we have broiler castrates?
- Males are not usally castrated
- Takes 6 - 8 weeks of age to go to the market
- Sexual maturity is achieved at 15 - 17 weeks
- Sexes can be manged together
38
In a pig what does the snout consist of?
- Nose, mouth, jaw
39
In a pig, what does the jowl consist of and what type of meat?
- Consists of flabby, lateroventral part of the neck
40
In a pig, what does the flank consist of?
- Part under the belly where outer ab muscles
41
In a pig, what type of meat does the belly make?
- Traditional Bacon
42
In a pig, what does the hock consist of, and what type of meat?
- consists of tarsus or bone in the hindlimb (similar to the human ankle)
- Makes soup
- Hock joint is the same in all animals
43
In a pig, what does the shoulder consist of?
- Located in the dorsal surface, involved in locomotion
44
In a pig, what does the lion consist of and what type of meat?
- The most valuable part of the carcass
- Used to make pork chops, pork loin, bacon, tenderloin, baby back ribs
45
In a pig, what does the rump consist of?
- Located dorsally and posteriorly on pig
- Site of muscle associated with the hip
46
In cattle, what does the muzzle consist of?
- Nose, Mouth, jaw
47
In cattle, what does the dewlap consist of?
- Large median skin fold at the caudal end of the neck
- Large floppy dewlap in tropical cattle breeds helps get rid of body heat
48
In cattle, what does the brisket consist of?
- Lower part of the chest cranial to forelimb
49
In cattle, what is the carpus similar to?
- Similar to the human wrist
- Similar to hock joint
50
In cattle, where is the paunch?
- Can be found both dorsally and ventrally
- Refers to rumen
51
In cattle, where is the head pool?
- Top of the head and site where horns will emerge in cattle
52
In cattle, what does the crest refer to?
- Muscling in the neck
53
In cattle, what does the loin refer to and what is the quality of the meat?
- "middle meats" -->
- loin: last rib to hip
- fore rib: behind the shoulder to first few ribs
- site for the highest-cost beef cuts--> less active than other muscle groups
54
In cattle, what are the pins?
- Ischiatic tuberosity of the ischium
- two of the three bones that make up the pelvis
55
