Topic 5: Respiratory System Flashcards
(39 cards)
1
Q
What does this respiratory system
A
- Consists nessentially of the lungs and passes that conduct into and out of the lungs
- Passes includes:
1. Nostrils
2. Nasal Cavity
3. Pharynx
4. Larynx
5. Trachea
2
Q
What are the structures of the upper respiratory tract
A
- Nostrils
- Nasal passages
- Pharynx
- Larynx
- Trachea
3
Q
What are the strutures of the lower respiratory tract
A
- Bronchi
- Bronchioles
- Alveolar ducts
- Alveoli
4
Q
Explain the nostrils aka nares
A
- external openings of the respiratory tract and lead to nasal passages
- size and shape vary among animals and are largely dictated by nasal cartilages
5
Q
Where are the nasal passages located
A
- loacted between the nares (nostrials) and the pharynx (throat)
- the nasal septum separtes the left nasal passage from the right
- bony hard palate rostrally and membranous soft palate caudally separtes the dorsal nasal passages from the ventral mouth
6
Q
Why are the nasal passages not simple tubes
A
- their linings are convoluted and full twists and turns beacuse of the presence of turbinates ( nasal conch)
- Also lined with mucous movous membrane
- Turbinates are thin scroll-like bones covered with nasal epithelium that occupy most of the lumen of the nasal passages
7
Q
what is the nasal cavity separated by the mouth by?
A
- Separated by the mouth by the hard palate
8
Q
what are the rostral part of the septum and caudal part of the septum nasal cavity called?
A
Rostal part: cartilaginous
caudal part: ossified
9
Q
what is the air space of each half of the nasal cavity divided by?
A
divided by the conchae into nsal meatuses
10
Q
What are the types of meatuses in the nasal cavity?
A
- Ventral nasal meatus:
- Middle nasal meatus
- Dorsal nasal meatus
11
Q
What does meatuses mean?
A
- Means passageway
12
Q
Where is a nasogastric feeding tube introduced into the nasal cavaity and what does it pass through
A
- introduced into the nasal cavity through the nostrils and passes through the ventral meatus, pharynx and directed to the esophagus
13
Q
What is the nasal cavity lined with?
A
- Presence of mucus produced by the mucus glands
- cilia projects from the cell surfaces
- The presence of blood vessels beneath the nasal epithelium
14
Q
What are the functions of the nasal cavity
A
- condition the air inhaled is the main function of the nasal cavity
- Warming: blood flowing is responsible for warming the air
- Humidifying: Air gets humidified by the mucus on the epithelial surface
- Filtering: the air is important to prevent particles to reach the lungs
15
Q
What are sinuses?
A
- Air filled cavities of the nasal passages located in the skull bones
- also have cilla and mucus to deal with dirt and foregin debris
16
Q
What is the pharynx?
A
- A common soft tissue conduit for food and air lying caudal to the oral and nasal cavaities
- It is divided by the soft palate into the nasal and oral pharynx
- the pharynx opens dorsally into the digestive passageway
- the pharynx opens ventrally into the respiratory passageway
17
Q
What does the epiglottis do during respiration?
A
- epiglottis is open and air enters the trachea
18
Q
What does the epiglottis do during swallowing?
A
- epiglittis closes and covers the trachea
19
Q
What is the larynx?
A
- It is a short, irregular tube that connects the pharynx with the trachea
- It is made up of segments mainly of cartilage that are connected to each other and surrounding tissues by muscles
- contains vocal cords
20
Q
What does epiglottis do in terms of the larynx
A
- the epiglottis projects forward from the ventral portion of the larynx and when the animal swallows the epiglottis covers the opening from the larynx
21
Q
What are the three main functions of the larynx
A
- control of airflow to and from the lungs
- Prevention of foreign material being inhaled
- Produces the basic sound of an animals vocie
22
Q
What is the trachea?
A
- Wide cylinderical tube extending from the larynx and then divides into the right and left bronchi
- Made up of dorsally incomplete C-shaped hyaline cartilage rings to keep trachea open
23
Q
What is the gap between the ends of each ring of the trachea composed of?
A
- Bridged by smooth muscle
24
Q
What is the trachea lined of?
A
- Lined by ciliated eopihelium to cacth debris, which get directed to the pharynx to be swallowed
25
What does the lower bronchiole system tract start with
- Starts with bronchi
26
Explain the lower respiratory tract
- trachea divides into right and left bronchi
- Bronchi then divide into secondary and tertiary bronchi
- then branches into terminal bronchioles
- the bronchioles subdivide to the smallest air passageways (alveolar ducts)
- alveloar ducts end in groups of alveoli
- the groups of alveoli are called alveolar sacs
27
What is the bronchole system aka
bronchial tree and named this way due to the extensive branching of the various respiratory channels
28
What is the alveoli and what is the plural term
- Plural term of alveoulus
- Tiny, thin-walled sac surrounded by network of capillaries
- it is the site of external respiration: gas exchange between lungs and blood
- O2 in inhaled air is going to make its way into these numberous alveoli
29
What is the wall of the alveoli like?
- Made up of thinnest epithelium in the body to facilitate diffusion
- the thin epithelium is the main physical barrier between the air (alveouls) and the blood capillary
- oxygen freely diffuse between the air and the blood
30
Explain the gas exhange that occurs in the alveoli
- Gas follow concentration gradient (high to low)
- High level of O2 in air diffuses into the blood where level is lower
- High CO2 in blood diffuses into air where level is lower
31
Explain the lungs
- Lungs are a paifr of spongy, air filled organs
- Within the lungs the blood vessels basically follow and subdivide along with the bronchial tree
- it has an expandable capacity will inflate with inhaled air
32
What is the thorax
- aka thoracic cavity (the chest)
- its contents includes the lungs, heart, trachea and esophagus
- responsible for respiration for respiration process
33
what is the thorax bounded by
- the thoracic vertebrate dorsally
- the ribs and intercostal muscles laterally
- the sternum ventrally
34
Explain the diaphram
- Is a thin sheet of skeletal muscle that forms the caudal boundary of thorax
- It separates the thoracic cavity and the abdomen
- Plays an important role in the respiration process
35
What is the pleura
- Single layer of cells fused to the surface of a connective tissue that envelopes the lungs
- contains a visceral layer: that covers the thoracic organs and structures
- conatins a parietal layer: lines the cavity
36
What does the intrapleural space of the pleura contain?
- Contains a lubrification fluild which aids optimal functioning of the lungs during breathing
- the lubrification fluid also ensures that the lungs slide along the lining of the thorax smoothly during breathign
37
Explain the ventilation process
- ventilation is the process by which the air is moved into (inspiration) and out of (expiration) the lungs
1. during the inspiration:
- enlargment of the thoracic cavity is accomplished by contraction and flattening of the diaphragm
- it deacreases the intrapulmonary pressure (lower than the atmosphere) --> the air is forced in
2. during the expirtation:
- Relaxment of the muscles contracted during inspiration permits the lungfs to recoil
- it increases the intrapulmonic pressure (greater than the atmosphere)--> the air is forced out
38
What does the diaphram do during the inspiration
diaphram decends (negitvie)
39
What does the diaphram do during exiration
diaphram ascends (positive)
