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Biology > Topic 1 - Biological Molecules > Flashcards

Topic 1 - Biological Molecules Flashcards

(70 cards)

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1
Q

Monomers

A

Small molecules that are the building blocks of polymers

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2
Q

Polymers

A

Long molecule made up from many smaller molecules

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3
Q

Carbohydrates monomer and polymer

A

Monomer - Monosaccharides

Polymer - polysaccharide

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4
Q

Proteins monomer and polymer

A

Monomer - amino acids

Polymer - proteins/polypeptide

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5
Q

Fats/ lipids monomer and polymer

A

Monomer - triglycerides

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6
Q

Nucleic acid monomer and polymer

A

Monomer - nucleotides

Polymer - DNA/RNA

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7
Q

Condensation

A

When two molecules join together to form one large molecule and one molecule of water

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8
Q

Glycosidic bond

A

Every bond between molecules in carbohydrate

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9
Q

Hydrolysis

A

When two molecules are split apart using a molecule of water

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10
Q

Disaccharide formations

A

Glucose + Glucose = maltose
Glucose + Fructose = sucrose
Glucose + Galactose = lactose

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11
Q

Glucose

A

C6H12O6
Two forms:
Alpha glucose HO-OH
Beta glucose HO-H

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12
Q

Polysaccharide

A

Many monosaccharides joined together in a condensation reaction

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13
Q

Cellulose

A 
> in a plant cell wall 
> Beta glucose 
> glycosidic bonds 
> unbranded/ straight chain 
> string structure for plant cell walls 
> insoluble 
> microfibrils and hydrogen bonds
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14
Q

Starch Amylose

A 
Plants: glucose/ energy storage 
> alpha glucose 
> unbranded and coiled 
> compact storage of glucose 
> insoluble: doesn’t effect water potential (no effect on osmosis)
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15
Q

Starch - Amylopectin

A

Plant: glucose/ energy storage
> alpha glucose
> glycosidic bods
> branched, increase the surface area so it can be hyrodlysed faster
> insoluble: no effect on water potential and no effect on osmosis

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16
Q

Glycogen

A

Animals: glucose/ energy storage
> alpha storage
> glycolic bonds
> very branched bigger surface area faster hydrolysis
> insoluble no effect on water potential or osmosis

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17
Q

Carbs test

A 
Benedicts test:
Reducing sugars 
1) Add benedicts BLUE
2) Heat sample in water bath
3) if sugar is present turn RED

Non-reducing sugars

1) Add hydrochloric acid
2) boil in water bath
3) neutralise with sodium hydrogen carbonate
4) test againfor a reducing sugar

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18
Q

Triglyceride

A

Three fatty acids
Glycerol molecule
Formed in a condensation reaction, make ester bonds

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19
Q

Saturated and unsaturated fatty acid

A

Saturated- NO double bonds between carbon
- increase in cholesterol and LDL’s

Unsaturated - HAS double bonds between carbon atoms

  • less hydrogen
  • polyunsaturated = more than one double bond
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20
Q

Triglyceride function and structure

A

Energy storage
Long polymer
Insoluble
Form insoluble droplets

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21
Q

Phospholipids function

A

Forms cell memebrane
Hydrophobic tails face inwards
Middle is hydrophobic, difficult for polar H2O to diffuse in or out

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22
Q

Lipids test

A

Emulsion test

1) mix substance with ethanol
2) add water
3) milky emulsion formed then lipids present

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23
Q

Protein

A

A polymer built up of one or more amino acid

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24
Q

Amino acids

A

Monomer that makes up proteins

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25
Peptide bond
The bond between amino acids in ALL proteins
26
Types of protein
Enzyme Antibodies Transport Structure
27
Protein test
Biuret test 1) add biuret reagent BLUE - copper sulfate - sodium hydroxide 2) if the protein is present goes purple/lilac
28
Primary structure
Sequence of amino acids | Peptide bonds
29
Secondary structure
The long chains of amino acids fold into regions with repeating patterns (alpha helix, beta pleated sheets) Peptide bonds and hydrogen bonds
30
Tertiary structure
The final 3D resting shape of the protein | Peptide bonds, hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, disulphides bridges
31
Quaternary structure
Proteins made from more than one polypeptide | Peptide bonds, hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, disulphides bridges
32
Protein shape question
Tertiary structure of the active site is complementary to the shape of the substrate and forms enzyme-substrate complex
33
Non-functional protein
Mutation: Change in primary structures changes tertiary structure Denatured: changes ionic bond, changes tertiary structure
34
Temperature effecting enzymes
1) As temp increases molecule vibrates - More collisions, higher activation energy, e-s-c formed 2) molecule breaks vibrate and break internal bonds 3) ionic and disulphide bridges change active site shape 4) denatured
35
Denatured
A permanent change to the active site which means no more enzyme complex’s are formed
36
Factors affecting enzyme activity - pH
``` > have optimum pH > increase and decrease the pH away from the optimum > enzyme activity decrease > oh- or H+ will interact with the hydrogen bonds or ionic bonds > change 3 structure > change active site > less e-s-c > denatured ```
37
Enzyme concentration affecting activity
> increase conc > rate reaction increases > more collisions > substrate concentration becomes limiting factor
38
Substrate concentration
``` Increase substrate conc Rate of reaction increase More collision Until active sites occupied Enzyme conc is limiting factor ```
39
Competitive inhibitors enzyme activity
> competitive inhibitors have similar substrate shape > bind to active site > stops substrate forming
40
Non-competitive inhibitors
> bind to enzyme but no active site >Changes the shape of active site > no more e-s-c formed
41
Nucleotides
The monomer that makes up polynucleotides
42
DNA deoxyribose nucleic acid
``` > Double stranded = double helix > Long polymer > Carries the genetic information which codes for proteins > Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine > deoxyribose, base, phosphate ```
43
RNA
``` > Ribonucleic acid > single stranded > short polynucleotide > ribosome formed from RNA and proteins > transfers genetic code from DNA to ribosomes in the cytoplasm ```
44
Polynucleotide
``` A with T C with G > phosphodiester bonds between phosphates > Sugar phosphate backbone > antiparallel ```
45
Semi conservative replication
> DNA antiparallel > nucleotides on each strand arranged differently > active site of DNA polymerase has specific tertiary structure - DNA helicase breaks H bonds - both starts act as templates - free nucleotides, complementary base pairing - DNA polymerase forms phosphodiester bonds - H bonds reform - one new and one original strand
46
Proving semi conservative replication
> Done by Meselson and Stakl > population cultured in a growth medium containing heavy nitrogen only (centrifuged only one heavy band observed) > Cells transferred to a medium with only light nitrogen (one replication band was twice thickness) > two replications in light nitrogen (intermediate and light band)
47
DNA sense strand
> contains genes | > does NOT act as the template for mRNA
48
DNA Antisense strand
> template strand > acts as template fo mRNA > complementary to genes on the sense strand
49
Pre-mRNA
Same as DNA sense strand | U replaces T
50
Splicing
pre-mRNA to mRNA | Introns are removed
51
ATP uses
> breaks down energy in small amounts > broken down in one reaction (rapid release) > easily resynthesised > ass phosphate to other molecules
52
ATP equation/reaction
ADP + Pi ——————> ATP ATP = condensation and ATP synthase ADP + Pi = hydrolysis and ATP hydrolase
53
Extra ATP
Hydrolysis of ATP to ADP and Pi can be coupled up to energy requiring reactions within cells Inorganic phosphate is released which can be used to phosphorylate other compounds
54
Water structure
> polar molecule > positive and negative end > poles are attracted to each other (H+ bonds between all molecules)
55
Solvent
A liquid that other substances can dissolve in
56
Ionic compounds and water
> Ionic compounds are made form positive ions and negative ions > water has positive and negative end > ionic compounds dissolve in water because all the small charges of water add up together
57
Water as a metabolite
Water is important in metabolic reactions like condensation and hydrolysis
58
Water for transport
Cohesion allows water go move upwards | Responsible for surface tension when water meets air
59
Cohesion
Water molecules stick to each other because of their hydrogen bonds
60
High latent heat of vaporisation
Lots of energy needed to break hydrogen bods between molecules
61
High specific heat capacity
Takes lots of energy to heat up or to cool down water because of the hydrogen bonds between its molecules (Aquatic environments are stable, so are bodies)
62
Ion
An atom that has lost or gained elections
63
Inorganic
A compound that doesn’t contain carbon
64
Positive ion
Cation
65
Negative ion
Anion
66
Inorganic ions location
> occur in the cytoplasm and body fluid
67
pH (inorganic ions)
PH is measure of h+ in solution H+ ions are very reactive > react with protein (change tertiary structure)
68
Sodium ions (inorganic ions)
> important in helping other molecules move across membrane | > co -transport
69
Iron ions (inorganic ions)
> important n haemaglobin > carry oxygen > haemaglobin is a protein with a 4 structure
70
Phosphate ions (inorganic ions)
ATP contains phosphate group | RNA and DNA form by condensation reaction between phosphate group and polynucleotide

Biology (18 decks)

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