Topic 4 - Diversity And Classification

Question 1

Population

Answer 1

All the organisms of one species in a habitat

Question 2

Community

Answer 2

All of the population of all species in a habitat

Question 3

Biodiversity

Answer 3

The variety of a species in an area

Question 4

Species richness

Answer 4

The number of different species in an area

Question 5

Index of diversity

Answer 5

Describes the relationship between number of species in a community and the number of individuals of each species

Question 6

Species

Answer 6

Organisms are the same species if the can breed to produce fertile offspring

Question 7

Index of diversity calculation

Answer 7

d=Nx(N-1)/sum of nx(n-1)
N = total number of organisms of all species
n = total number organisms of each species

Question 8

Effects of farming on biodiversity

Answer 8

Decreases biodiversity:
Forests are cleared
Hedgerows are removed
Monocultures (fewer species of plants, fewer species of insects, fewer food sources for other species, fewer habitats and niches)
decreases the genetic variety of alleles (farmers control for particular characteristics)
use of pesticides
decreases the index of species diversity

Question 9

Conservation

Answer 9

Get farmers to conserve biodiversity
Protect species by law
Restrict urban development in important biodiverse areas

Question 10

Intraspecific

Answer 10

Comparing genetic diversity within a species

Question 11

Interspecific

Answer 11

Comparing genetic diversity between species

Question 12

Causes of diversity/variation

Answer 12

Genetic differences such as blood type

Environment differences such as nutrition

Question 13

How to maintain biodiversity/ conservation

Answer 13

Use hedgerows instead of fences
Intercropping (growing different crops in the same area)
Reduce the use of herbicides and pesticides
Preserving wetlands instead of draining
plant native trees on land with low species diversity
use crop rotations that include nitrogen fixing crops
create natural meadows
conservation of headlands (areas around the edge of the fields)
leave the cutting of verges until after seed dispersal

Question 14

Causes of reduction in species diversity

Answer 14

Habitat destruction, invasive species, climate change, pollution, pesticides and fertilisers, human overpopulation, deforestation, hedgerows removed, monocultures are created

Question 15

Species diversity

Answer 15

The number of species in a community

Question 16

Directional selection

Answer 16

Caused by a change in environmental conditions
Extreme characteristics survive and reproduce
Only those with the allele will survive (graph moves in the direction of these individuals

Question 17

Stabilising selection

Answer 17

Individuals with extreme characteristics are less likely to survive and reproduce
The mean stays the same as the most likely to survive are in the middle range
phenotypes close to the mean survive
stable conditions

Question 18

Evolution

Answer 18

Variation of alleles exist in a population
Result of mutation
Selection of individuals with beneficial allele
Differential reproductive success
Changes allele frequency
Occurs over a long period of time

Question 19

Natural selection adaptions

Answer 19

Anatomical - changes to your anatomy eg giraffes long necks
Physiological - eg shivering
Behavioural - changes to the way you behave eg becoming nocturnal

Question 20

genetic diversity

Answer 20

the number of different alleles of a gene in a population

Question 21

natural selection

Answer 21

individuals of population that are best suited to their environment survive and reproduce more.
the beneficial alleles are the most likely to pass onto the next generation

Question 22

evolution (definition)

Answer 22

change in allele frequency over time

Question 23

Sampling large sample of a population

Answer 23

The data should be representative of the whole population (use a statistical test)

Question 24

How to compare genetic diversity

Answer 24

Comparing DNA sequence, mRNA sequence, amino acid sequence

Observe characteristics and put into groups

Question 25

Phylogenetic classification

Answer 25

Arraigning species into groups based on evolutionary relatedness

Question 26

Standard deviation

Answer 26

The average variation of the data away from the mean | Lower the standard deviation the more reliable

Question 27

Bars of siginficance

Answer 27

Dot overlap they ARE significantly different | Overlap they are NOT significantly different

Question 28

Courtship behaviour

Answer 28

``` Increases the chance of successful mailing because > recognition of same species > stimulates the release of gametes > recognises the opposite sex/gender > indicate sexual maturity ```

Question 29

Hierarchy classification

Answer 29

``` Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species ```

Question 30

Phylogenetic - genome sequencing

Answer 30

Compare the order of base sequences on genome of different species Higher % match = more closely related

Question 31

phylogenetics Immunology

Answer 31

DNA - mRNA - amino acid - proteins 3 of protein tells us about sequence of DNA If same antibodies bind to a specific antigen then it is closely related

Question 32

Binomial names

Answer 32

Method of giving each species a name consisting of two words First - name of the genus Second - species - Genus is written with a capital letter but no capital letter on the species - both are underlined or in italics Eg Homo sapiens

Question 33

What are phylogenetics

Answer 33

Small groups within a big group | No overlap between groups

Question 34

Taxon

Answer 34

A level in hierarchy

Question 35

Molecular phylogeny

Answer 35

The analysis of molecular differences in different organisms to determine the extent of their evolutionary relatedness

Question 36

Limits to using observable characteristics to classify species

Answer 36

Characteristics can be coded for by more than one gene Same characteristics could have arisen separately Characteristics can be influenced by the environment and not the gene

Question 37

genetic diversity

Answer 37

the number of different alleles of genes in a population - the greater the number of different alleles the greater the genetic diversity - the more likely some individuals of the population will survive - wider range of alleles the wider range of characteristics - greater diversity enable natural selection

Question 38

natural selection in evolution

Answer 38

- gene pool in a population containing a wide variety of alleles - random mutations can result in new alleles - some are harmful but some are advantageous in certain environments - new allele individuals are better adapted so are more likely to survive in competition - individuals will live longer and grow more so have a higher chance of breeding and having more offspring - advantageous allele is passed on to next generation - offspring with advantageous are more likely to survive and reproduce - number of individuals with advantageous allele increases - non advantageous decreases

Question 39

directional selection - antibiotic resistance

Answer 39

- effectiveness of antibiotics decreased - spontaneous mutation on the allele of the gene in a bacterium, creating a new protein - new protein broke down the antibiotic penicillin before it could kill the bacterium - bacterium happened to be in a situation where penicillin was being used to treat an individual - these circumstances gave the bacterium an advantage to use penicillinase to break down the antibiotic - bacterium divided by binary fission - penicillin resistant population could survive more than non-resistant - resistant population increased so increasing frequency of allele that enabled production of penicillinase to increase in the population - normal distribution curve shifted to the greater resistance

Question 40

stabilising selection - human birth weights

Answer 40

- body mass at birth of babies was measured and at the same time infant mortality rate was also recorded - body mass and infant mortality rate were plotted against each other - steep line increase where mass is low and high - so there is a greater risk of infant mortality when the birth weight is outside of the range/ mean