Topic 1 - Changing Political Relationships Flashcards
(102 cards)
1
Q
what impacts the American Dream in a general sense
A
- search for a better way of life not just equality
- the economy
- political and social issues (often unexpected)
- technology
- travel
- media impact
- foreign affairs and domestic
- changing political ideology
- civil rights
- immigration
2
Q
name 5 things that impact the reality of the American Dream
A
MORALE - government actions affect it especially in social and economic spheres
FALSE PROMISES - not all American citizens are able to achieve the American Dream
CONGRESS - government success can often depend on the relationship of Congress and the President
MEDIA - government success also depends on relationship between President and media (but more so in later years - 1950s TV and radio)
INTERNAL INFLUENCE - social policies
EXTERNAL INFLUENCE - wars/international crises
3
Q
what is the legislative and what is their role
A
Congress which is the senate and the house of representatives
- writes laws
- confirms or rejects appointments made by the executive (including judges)
- can override veto’s with a 2/3 vote
4
Q
what is the executive and what is their role
A
the president and the vice president
- enforces laws
- appoints judges
- can veto laws
- has the power to pardon
- can issue executive emergency laws
- in charge of army
5
Q
what is the judicial and what is their role
A
the supreme court
- interprets laws
- can declare acts of the executive or legislative branch as unconstitutional
6
Q
who had access to the American Dream before 1945
A
wealthy white men
7
Q
Woodrow Wilson term and party
A
1913-21
democrat
8
Q
why was Woodrow Wilson elected and re-elected
A
- insisted that the USA would keep out the war
- America’s population was growing and he wanted to equally share the economic boom
- social equality
- interfere in society
- he was re-elected 1916 - ‘he kept us out of war’ - but went to war in 1917
- he was only the second democrat to be elected since the Civil War of 1861-65
9
Q
what was the Domestic policy of Woodrow Wilson
A
- 19th amendment - 1920 - all women given vote
- 21st amendment - 1920 - introduced prohibition (ban on alcohol) with religious aims and of cleaning the streets/improving lifestyle - but it did increase back-alley sales and the mafia threat
10
Q
what was the foreign policy of Woodrow Wilson and why he had to get involved in the war
A
- he kept US out of war in Europe in his 2nd year of presidency just supplied arms to the allied powers to get money but not lose men
- but German U-Boats were sinking American ships - they said they had a right to sink ships sailing to the enemy even though US neutral
- they sank the Lusitania in 1916 with 1400 abroad
- he negotiated with Germans in 1917 and got them to limit their naval programme
- Zimmerman Telegraph Crisis
11
Q
what was the Zimmerman Telegraph Crisis and why didn’t many people understand what it was
A
February 1917
- Wilson intercepted a secret message of Germany encouraging Mexico to invade the US
- Germany sent them goods to do so
- it was essentially a declaration of war from Germany that Wilson said threatened the national security of the USA
- he addressed Congress on 2nd April 1917 and so began the Great Crusade against aristocratic tyranny
- people didn’t understand
- many illiterate and only the rich read the newspaper
- confusion
- Wilson left people in the dark
12
Q
what was the legacy that Wilson left behind
A
- economic problems
- people lost trust in the democrats, he tarnished their reputation by making false promises
- TV and radio not popular so style not really needed
- he suffered a stroke in the latter years of his presidency, his wife primarily ran the white house
- democrats didn’t have enough time to get a new candidate for re-election
- his fourteen points which led to the creation of the League of Nations - international security
- one the war was over he tried to involve the USA even more closely in international affairs which alarmed many
- people felt the war was a mistake even though it boosted the economy
- women’s voting rights
- presidency more concerned with domestic affairs now
13
Q
what were Wilson’s fourteen points and what did this lead to
A
- his attempt to end all wars through international cooperation and disarmament
- led to the creation of the League of Nations which he was keen for the US to join
14
Q
give some reasons for why there was a Republican president and majority in Congress between 1921-31
A
- Wilson tarnished the Democrat reputation and they didn’t have enough time to find a new candidate
- republican ideals
15
Q
what was the the term and party of Warren G Harding
A
1921-1923
republican
16
Q
why was Warren G Harding elected
A
- promised a return to normalcy and policies of isolationism
- promised to lower taxes, restore the economy, mass employment and more money for all
- promised to look into the race issue and improving lives of AA - got their vote
- he promised to slightly stray from republican beliefs and promised help for the poor with the Department of Public Welfare directing state efforts - necessary under circumstances
17
Q
for Harding what would a return to normalcy mean
A
removing the problems of:
- the 2 years of economic depression that followed the end of the war resulting in an unemployment rise from 950k to 5 million in 1921
- social discontent - riots, protests and strikes
18
Q
what was the domestic policy of Warren G Harding
A
- reduce high wartime tax/balance deficit
- Volstead Act 1919 maintained prohibiting the commercial manufacture, transportation and sale of alcohol
- ‘less government in business and more business in government’ - laissez-faire
- he put a high tariff on import of foreign goods - less trade - tariffs raised back at USA - people buy American goods though which meant more jobs and money :)
- emergency quota act to reduce immigration - 1/2 million people a year to prevent overpopulation - they only want rich self sustaining white Americans not immigrants taking jobs - stop communism rising by shutting it away - May 1921
19
Q
what was the foreign policy of Warren G Harding
A
isolationism
- declared that he sought ‘no part in directing the destinies of the world’
- the USA refused to join the League of Nations
- focus on America - very Republican
- helped curb immigration alongside his emergency quota act of May 1921
- however (-) that if war then not many allies - not as easy to trade - run out of people to sell to with no overseas trade - once you buy a car you don’t buy a second
- global trade networks are necessary
20
Q
what was the style/personality of Warren G Harding
A
- provided nationwide radio - free for disadvantaged families (to boost US industry and expand national communication and spread his ideas)
- not massively significant but first to advocate radio
- isolationism and immigration policies made him popular
21
Q
what is isolationsim
A
- America’s reluctance to be involved in European alliances and wars
- isolationists held the view that America’s perspective of the world was different from that of European societies
- view that US can advance the cause of freedom/democracy by other means than war
- not complete disengagement from world stage nor idea that US should not expand its territorial and economic interests
22
Q
who was President during the first red scare
A
Woodrow Wilson - his term was 1913-21 and the first red scare was 1919-1920
23
Q
why did the country lose faith in Woodrow Wilson
A
- he promised to keep them out of war but didn’t
- left people in dark about Zimmerman Telegraph
- seen as too involved in foreign affairs
- during the post war recession he was ill and not present
- he had a poor relationship with Congress
24
Q
why following Woodrow Wilson were the Democrats an ‘Unelectable Opposition’
A
- they created a society that was disenchanted with foreign contact, xenophobia, cynicism, race riots, strikes and calls for immigration restrictions
- they were riddled with internal problems partly due to their 2/3s rule dating back to the 1830s
- it required Presidential nominees to obtain 2/3s of the delegate votes meaning selecting a candidate was always difficult
- in 1924 election, 103 ballots took place to pick John Davis who lost heavily to Coolidge
- Coolidge had 382 electoral votes against Davis’ 136
- despite scandals like the Teapot Dome affair of 1923 that shamed the Harding Administration, the Democrats were unable to compete
- they also had connections to the KKK
25
what was the term and party of Calvin Coolidge
1923-9
| republican
26
why was Calvin Coolidge elected
- Democrats were unelectable
- Harding did all the hard work for him and the people had already bought into Republicanism
- America was prosperous
- Laissez-faire
- he was Harding's VP
- he intended to change nothing epitomised by his election slogan 'keep cool with Coolidge'
27
what was the Domestic and foreign policy of Coolidge
- radio licensing act - Feb 23rd 1927 - regulates radio to stop communist channels
- keeps tax low
- laissez faire
- keeps Republican ideals
- isolationism
- continued work of Harding
28
what was the personality and style of Coolidge
- silent Cal
- responsible for Wall Street Crash as everyone got in debt and he didn't regulate the banks or stock market
- while Coolidge napped in the White House, the nation was engaged in an orgy of speculation, spending and extravagance which he did nothing about
- he declined to stand for re-election which was lucky as he shrewdly avoided the forthcoming economic disaster which arguably he caused
29
when was the term and what was the party of Herbert Hoover
- 1929-33
| - Republican
30
discuss Republicanism under Hoover
- 1928 election was an endorsement of Republican conservatism
- Coolidge claimed that the USA was in 'a state of contentment seldom seem before'
- despite prohibition leading to increased organized crime the 1920s were a 'boom' time
- Hoover's rugged individualism theories epitomised the principles of Republicanism
- laissez-faire - isolationism - restriction on immigrations
31
why was Hoover elected
- promised to continue the laissez-faire attitude
| - America already convinced by Republicanism - roaring 20s
32
what was the Domestic policy of Herbert Hoover
- 1929 - agricultural marketing act - federal farm board that could buy key crops to stabilise prices
- 1930 Committee for Unemployment Relief
- 1931 National Credit Cooperation - funded by healthy banks and businesses to help failing ones it starts with $500million budget - by end of war lent just $10 mil
- Jan 1932 - Reconstruction Finance Cooperation - set up with $300 mil to lend to states for relief projects
- July - it can also be given to farmers/public works set up
- July - Federal Home Loan Bank Act - has a federal fund to lend money to people in trouble with their mortgages
33
what was the foreign policy of Hoover
- June 1930 - Hawley Smoot Tariff Act - tariffs high so people only bought American goods - get rid of overseas income :( - there's no money in America to buy things :(
34
briefly explain the Wall Street Crash
- the boom of the 1920s had flourished in Republican laissez-faire attitudes and 'America first' principles
- Hoover's 'Rugged Individualism' encouraged equal opportunities but this led to economic inequalities
- boom funded largely by credit
- banks lent too much money
- people invested in shared ignoring or ignorant of risk
- more money on loan than in circulation
- the stock market crashed
- decade of economic depression
35
how was Hoover's smoot hawley tariff act partially responsible for the Wall Street Crash
- raised tariff to highest level in American history thereby hindering international trade with American businesses
- thus we no international income into the US people couldn't buy their own US products they'd been encouraged to buy
- Hoover's advisers strongly advised him to veto the bill but he signed it anyway
36
discuss some of the reasons for the Wall Street Crash
- Hoover's Laissez-faire attitude
- Hoover was arguably a poor politician
- 'buy now pay later' mentality led to such a rapid increase in loans and bank credit that there was more money on loan than in circulation
- over production due to the mass production led to falling profits for many firms - food wasted
- an agricultural recession led to falling food prices and a drop in farmer's profits
- a weak banking system - the US had over 30,000 small banks - some of the rural banks went bankrupt due to the agricultural recession
- the banks were not regulated due to the laissez faire attitude and neither were the stock markets
37
what is the bull market and how did the contribute to the wall street crash
- encouraged people to buy shares on the margin - paying only 10/20% of the value of the shares and borrowing 80/90% of the rest
- buy everything and go crazy
- investing loans into the stock market
- rushing in without weighing up the risk like a bull in a china shop
- people lost their money to the stock market and were then in debt to the bank whose loan they had invested
38
summarise hoover
his ideas weren't awful just bad timing and worse depression
his own congress stitched him up a bit because when he tried more federal intervention the republican congress rejected it and didn't give him the chance to fix things
39
discuss the Bonus Army March under Hoover
- American FWW veterans hit hard by the depression asked for early payment of their service bonuses due in 1945
- Hoover's administration refuse so in June 1932, a 'Bonus Army' compromised of some 200,000 veterans marched to Washington
- Hoover lost a significant amount of popularity as a result of the way the Bonus Army was treated but if he paid the, everyone would want money, teachers, firemen... and the economy couldn't handle that
- America is very patriotic tho and supports the army so it was in Hoover's interests to look after them
40
how did Hoover deal with the Bonus Army March and was this appropriate and what followed
- some of the veterans brought weapons on their march to Washington and so Hoover deployed the military and the best commanders even deploying tanks
- he shouldn't have given them the bonus but shouldn't have shot two of them either
- 100s injured 2 dead
- the media supported the people and Hoover was demonised in the election year
- Roosevelt goes on to pay the bonus and everyone loves him
41
discuss Hooverviles
- Shanty towns created to temporarily house the homeless in the early 1930s yet they remained for ten years
- they began to spread and were stains on America
- branded Hoovervilles as a symbol of terrible presidency/republicanism
- republicans were never going to recover from this but morale was low and they didn't really care anymore
- FDR was a bright hope to be rid of such stains
42
summarise American politics of the early 1930s
- Republicans were never the poor man's party - they didn't build up the weak and only favoured the rich
- Hoover grew increasingly unpopular with the electorate during the the Depression
- since 1921 the Repubs had been the majority party in Congress but by 1931 the majority had slowly swung in favour of the Democrats
- Hoover remained the Repub presidential candidate as no one seemed to be better
- in 1932 election, FDR offered the 'New Deal'
43
what was FDR's new deal
- federal intervention to save US from disaster
- FDR give special powers by Congress to deal with the economic crisis as if it was war - it essentially was
- most important thing to give the people help no matter what the cost to the government
- people needed help to get back on their feet so that they could then manage for themselves
- gov's job not to balance the books as Hoover had done but provide jobs/welfare for those most in need
- complete antithesis to Hoover's rugged individualism
- just do it approach - borderline dictator - democrat congress and he can pass without going through them
44
was the new deal ST or LT fix
short term - the industrial projects were only temporary as once the bridge is built its built etc...
and you have to deal with the debt eventually
45
what positives did Hoover bring to the nation
- RFC - relief projects, farmers, public works
| - Federal Home Loan Bank Act - federal fund to lend money to people in trouble with their mortgages
46
discuss the 1932 presidential election
Hoover VS FDR
- FDR had been a great Governor of NY
- better orator than Hoover and coupled with radio he was unstoppable
- FDR pres campaign condemned the Repubs for their inability to provide during the depression and referred to them as the four horsemen of the apocalypse (destruction, despair, delay and doubt)
- FDR campaign song - Happy Days are Here Again
- 40+ mil voters polled - largest in US history
- Hoover only won 6 states
47
what was the term and party of FDR
1933-45
| democrat
48
why was FDR elected and re-elected
- he served one term and was re-elected then served another term because it was mid SWW and changing pres would have been ludicrous
- master politician
- more qualified and experienced than Hoover
- Wall Street Crash couldn't be fixed and damaged Republicans beyond repair
- charismatic
- good looking
- new hope
49
discuss the style/personality of FDR
- confident on face front
- brings presidency closer to the people with fireside chats
- speeches and hope
- first pres to make style important and sets the precedent for all other pres' to come
- radio/media
- no TV
- gifted orator
50
discuss fireside chats
- FDR introduced them
- he explained his policies to the public as if he were chatting to them in their living rooms
- radio
- national - everyone hear him at once
- advertise
- informal, universal, all can understand, some people were poor/illiterate and hadn't been able to understand why wall street crashed
- this is problem this is what we're going to do
- talk to people not congress
51
discuss the election of 1936 in terms of republicans and democrats
- with FDR as pres, the repubs unravelled
- they were so busy contesting Democrat policy and legislation they failed to make their own policies or themselves credible
- in the 1936 election the Republicans only won 2 states!!!
52
what are the six most important of FDR's alphabet agencies
- National Recovery Administration (NRA)
- Agricultural Adjustment Agency (AAA)
- Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)
- Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)
- Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA)
- Works Progress Administration (WPA)
53
why was FDR called a dictator
due to the 'special circumstances' he often had to evoke the clause in the constitution that dealt with 'temporary emergency measures' (like war)
this led to accusations that he sometimes acted unconstitutionally and harsh critics even deemed him a dictator
in 1937 the Supreme Court declared the AAA and NRA as unconstitutional
54
discuss opposition to FDR and the New Deal
- individuals like Father Coughlin, Francis Townsend and Huey Long
- New Deal faced opposition from the Republicans although this was largely to FDR's benefit as they spent the majority of the time complaining about him rather than proposing their own thinking and legislation
- some said he did too much and others said he wasn't doing enough
- too much spending country in debt - he just threw money at the problem and thought it would fix it
55
why did cracks begin to show in the New Deal in 1936
- New Deal running out of steam- running out of money - construction jobs only temporary
- 1937 country fell into a recession which lasted until the outbreak of war
- gov spending on new deal was unsustainable
- FDR attempted to balance the budget
- decline in his gov funded agencies which employed tens of millions of people and guaranteed income for many
56
what was FDR's one hundred days
- special powers granted to him by congress from march 9th to 16th June 1933
57
how did the new deal differ from previous governmental ideaologies
- rapid government intervention
- federal government would take over some policy making that was under the constitution - became the role of individual states
- federal powers and institutions created were temporary
58
what areas did the New Deal target and why
- finance
- agriculture
- the unemployed
- young white men
59
what were the strengths of FDR's New Deal
- alphabet agencies
- create jobs in a hopeless place
- its timing was perfect
- mass employment after depression of wall street crash
60
what criticism did the New Deal face and why (why was a second new deal necessary)
- 11/14 of its agencies declared unconstitutional
- it didn't help the elderly
- it wasn't colourblind
- too involved in state affairs (AAA) it doesn't help everyone
- the jobs were not well paid enough to help massively
61
what were the key elements of the second new deal
- social security act - first ever American system of welfare - helps the poor more and those who need it
- gave protection like insurance
- targets everyone - expands assistance
62
why did the second new deal run into problems
- higher taxes
- expected all businesses to provide minimum wage
- another 4 years of federal spending which brought the country into more debt
- unsustainable unless your taxes are high which he couldn't do because no one had money
- denying the American dream - restricting capitalism as rules and regulations
63
how did the SWW impact america socially
- it broke down racial barriers - AA regiments were vital and people began to see them in a different light as equal realising their contribution to America
64
how did the SWW impact the US presidency
- allowed FDR to further his role as a fatherly figure as people looked to him for reassurance in a time of fear
- politically it boosted FDR as he successfully lead USA through the SWW
- reinforced people's love and trust in him
- War Power Act of 1941 gave FDR special power
65
how did the SWW impact America economically
- created jobs which in turn boosted the economy
66
why did FDR have to be so strong with the media
- US in a shit way and it was scary for people they needed to trust the Pres
- he wanted to hide his illness
67
discuss FDR's stance on Neutrality and why he had to be like that
- in a fireside chat FDR assured public USA would remain neutral yet he did not ask that every American remained neutral
- maximise profit
- doesn't want to upset people by going against democratic views like Wilson did
- he didn't want to divide the country - there were Germans, Italians and Japanese and people of that ancestry in USA so he can't explicitly support any one group
- although it was no secret he was on the Allied side
68
why were FDR's sympathies for the Allied side in the SWW no secret
- USA supplied them goods on a cash and carry principle
- the lend lease act of 1941 theoretically lent supplies to Britain to be returned after the war which the Germans didn't like
- destroyers for bases deal gave Britain 50 destroyers (small battleships) in return for bases on British held territories mostly in Newfoundland and West Indies
- in doing this he changed on one Americas key principles - isolationism
69
give a load of funky phrases to describe what the SWW did for America
- created modern America
- wakes America up from a sleeping giant into an economic powerhouse
- it had so much potential before the SWW and the war gave it that powerful stance
- catapult them to the front of world affairs
- America and Russia left as powerhouses
70
what was the Day of Infamy
- the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbour
- 7th December 1941
- day America woke up from its slumber
71
what was different with the SWW compared to the first
everyone knew about it and understand why they had to go to war unlike with the Zimmerman telegraph
72
what was the Manhattan Project
- constructed the world's first ever atomic bombs
- it was the biggest industrial project ever
- first to harbour atomic superiority
- not to be messed with
73
discuss the impact of the SWW on American industry
- remarkable boost
- industrial profits rose from 17 million in 1940 to 28 million in 1943
- you can't buy things during the war - rationing - but people did now have jobs and thus money so after the war there was a mad spending spree
74
what was the beginning of FDR's imperial presidency
- the War Powers Act of 1942 which gave him unprecedented powers to allocate priorities and resources for the war effort
- imperial dictator
- president for almost 10 years by this point
75
discuss FDR's Japanese conc camps during the SWW
- he put around 70,000 Japanese people in conc camps for their safety but against their free will
- protect them from being murdered by Americans after Pearl Harbour
76
how were gender roles challenged during the SWW
- a survey of the ship building industry for example in 1941 found a total of 36 female workers but in 1943 there were 160,000
77
discuss how all Ford contributed to the war effort
- Henry Ford ensured that his corporation patriotically mass-produced Liberator bombers at the massive government-financed Willow Plant outside of Detroit
78
as the USA became a cold war superpower how did the role of the President change?
- the power of the pres to go to war/make treaties with Congress approval expanded as the USA became the leading nation on both NATO and the UN
- no more isolationism
- 1947 National Security Act reorganised US military forces under a new Defence Department based at the purpose built Pentagon - opened 1943
- armed forces enlarged after 1950 and as C-I-C the pres could move forces around the globe without the approval of Congress
- the National Security Act also created the CIA and the National Security Council (NSC) - both reported directly to the pres rather than congress
79
when was the Korean war
June 1950 - July 1953
| Truman pres
80
what impact did the Korean War have on the Presidency
- emphasised the way the Cold War had shifted pres attention from domestic to internation affairs - the former had to be ratified by Congress the latter did not
- changed the relationship of the pres and media - the media often abused its power and exaggerated reality like lying about Truman's intentions
81
what did the media do on the 7th July 1950 that demonstrates how they abused their power and exaggerated reality
- fabricated information because Truman was secretive
- the headlines announced that Truman wanted to increase troops (true), to use the draft (false) and was considering using the atom bomb (not true)
- using the bomb headline was dangerous! it increases national security threat - risky and could have caused WW3
82
what was the term and party of Harry S Truman
Democrat
1945-53
- pres for four years because FDR died and he was VP and then wins a second term
- he only elected for 1 term
83
discuss the style/personality of Harry Truman
- he did not communicate well with the public and openly argued with Congress over the cold war
- not charismatic or confident
- saw importance of media but poor orator
- old fashioned
- didn't explain the Korean war enough but you can't expose military secrets to the media
- overwhelmed by the job and made mistakes
- organised with the white house
- didn't work well with Congress
84
why was Harry Truman re-elected for a second term
- re elected 1949 after fair deal and SWW success
- civil rights step
- before shit hit the fan with the Korean war and McCarthyism in 1950
85
what was the Domestic Policy of Harry S Truman
- Fair Deal - help get veterans and agricultural workers into jobs
- executive order 9981 - civil rights - desegregates the army and government
- loyalty boards - unpopular for army and government to swear oath after SWW
- handling of red scared bad
86
what was the Foreign policy of Harry S Truman
- Korea - fires MacArthur
- Truman Doctrine
- Marshall Plan
87
what was the Korean War
- 25th June 1950 it began when 75,000 soldiers from North Korea's People's Army poured across the 38th parallel
- this invasion was the first 'hot' war of the cold war
- in July US troops sent to defend South Korea
- after some early back and forth the fighting stalled and casualties mounted with nothing to show for them
- US politicians worked for an armistice with North Korea as the alternative they feared would be a wider war with Russia and China or even WW3
- July 1953 Korean War ended with some 5 million soldiers and civilians lost
- UN army not just America that go to war
88
who was he and why did Truman sack MacArthur
- he was a bit of a hot head - general - WW2 hero
- led 90% of the US
- he pushed heavily for an all out offensive into China and to drop atomic on China
- he saved South Korea and became a hero and so wanted to push onto to North Korea as did the public
- part of Hoover's bonus march disperse generals
89
why was Truman's succession of FDR so difficult
- FDR had become a national treasure and was so loved by the nation he was hard to live up to because of what he'd achieved
- nature of pres changed between FDR and Truman - FDR had created a relationship with public through Fireside chats that wouldn't be seen again
- Democrats coming to a natural end point - economic stability better maintained with Republicans
- Truman had to face the Korean War
- FDR created 'Big Government' and arguably created modern America - he made a reliance on social welfare
- FDR brought in New Deal and social security but Truman could sustain such spending
90
what issues presented themselves to the USA following FDR's death in 1945
- USA vulnerable to attack from Soviet Union and later China, Vietnam and Korea - overseas threat
- cold war
- second red scare (Truman didn't deal with it well)
- foreign influence
- civil rights began to appear - Truman was first pres to discuss it at length
- ending SWW
91
why did Truman drop the atom bombs to end the SWW
- arguably he had to
- Japanese wouldn't surrender for another 3-4 years
- would have been more death
- but nuking to save lives is a moral debate
- America was the only country that had them - no retaliation or threat - safe
92
what was the Truman Doctrine
- assist - misconstructed
- plan of containment - stop spread of communism
- USA will assist any nation under threat from falling to communism - 1947 speech
- public loved it because they hate communism and the economy was not a priority
- communism threatened the American Dream
- sweeping statement though America cannot help everyone!!!
93
what caused the second red scare
- spies in the Manhattan Project
- people started accusing government employees of been communists
- there were real official spies found
- climate of fear and suspicion
- fall of China to communism in 1949
94
what was Truman's Marshal Plan
- gave out financial aid to help keep places Capitalist
95
how did the second red scare differ from the first
- threatened president
- more media coverage/development - raise profile of it and increase fear
- Manhattan spies were real - genuine Russian repercussions and threat - four years later Russia have a bomb too
- anyone could be a communist not just Italians and Eastern Europeans like first - invisible enemy
- spread from workers to government
96
what was McCarthyism and how did it impact society
- it was people blaming each other - witch hunt - red hunting
- McCarthy named 200+ people
- made people aware of enemy - it ruined people's lives
- changed the dynamic of America
- it increased the productivity of workers to reduce accusations and people brought American goods - brought the nation together
97
to what extent was the second red scare a genuine threat to the USA
- Russia get a bomb four years after spies in the Manhattan project where uncovered
- could lost trade and military prowess
- but USA unlikely/impossible to fall to communism
- not directly a threat
98
outline the key causes of the Korean War and why the USA became involved
- Truman Doctrine meant USA pledged to protect anyone under the threat of communism
99
why was the public hugely invested in events in Korea
- MacArthur was a SWW hero
- hysteria around communism - talking point of the time
- media - TV - more news coverage
- Mc Carthyism
- no economic concerns
100
explain the reasons the US struggled in Korea
- they underestimated their enemy massively
- when the Americans join the war they're already losing as North Koreans and the Russians have already captured South Korea's capital
- initially unprepared
- THEY PROVOKED THE CHINEESE - TOO MUCH AMBITION
101
how democratic was Truman as a president
- he went to war and bombed Japan - un Democratic - not a pacifist - not war containment - democratic rationale
102
what was Truman's Fair Deal and how did it impact US society
- essentially the New Deal but making it appeal to everyone
- aimed at getting veterans back into work and the no longer important agricultural industry workers
- stabilising society
- after the war some are thriving but some only just afford things
- not just survive but succeed
- 21 points - paid for veterans to be trained/ go to college
- increase tax but proportionally to redistribute the wealth
