Topic 1: CONSTRUCTIONS OF CRIME, SECURITY AND JUSTICE IN THE CITY Flashcards
(42 cards)
What conditions of the working-class in England did Frederick Engels (1845/1934) think were causes of crime in the ‘Great Towns’?
Poverty, dirt and low environment
What estimated percentage of the global population will be living in urban areas by 2050?
70%
What is the basic presumption of this module?
Processes of urbanisation have been central to the history of criminological thought and continue to be so
What, according to Henry Mayhew (1851-1862) distinguished ‘nomadic’ denizens of Victorian slum neighbourhoods from ‘the civilised man’?
Their passion for stupefying herbs and roots and for intoxicating liquors
According to the Chicago School, which of the following residential zones of the city have the strongest correlation with ‘juvenile delinquency’?
The zone in transition
Why did the Chicago School think the ecology of the city would result in juvenile delinquency becoming a marginal, deviant, aspect of life in cities?
As cities grow there are more opportunities for the upward mobility of citizens out of socially disorganised neighbourhoods
What, according to Mike Davis (1992), characterises the ‘ecology of fear’ in late-modern cities like Los Angeles?
A fortress mentality including the growing use of private security
Given the advent of hyperconnected, ‘smart’, cities:
Criminology needs to appreciate the interplay of online and offline victimisation
What according to Bannister and Flint (2017), characterises the relationship between crime, civility and security in contemporary European cities?
Paradox of increasing fear but decreasing crime and unrest, as people don’t trust each other/ a lack of social inetgration
What term was coined by social reformers like Henry Mayhew to describe the moral degradation and criminality observed in Victorian city slums?
The Rookery
Who argued that slum populations were dangerous people who chose to reject civilized society and prey on it?
Henry Mayhew
Who argued that the material conditions of slums explain the problems encountered by slum dwellers rather than their moral failings?
Frederick Engels
What is the debate between focusing on the agency of offenders versus the social conditions that facilitate crime called?
The perennial argument
What movement focused on racial purity and saw urban slums and unregulated sexuality as threats to the nation?
The eugenics movement
What city grew extremely rapidly from 1870 to 1900 due to industrialization and migration?
Chicago
What zone did Chicago School sociologists argue was criminogenic due to high residential turnover and lack of social controls?
The zone in transition
What study mapped juvenile delinquents’ addresses to inner-city Chicago neighborhoods to support the zone in transition theory?
Shaw and McKay’s juvenile delinquency study (1942)
What criticism argues you cannot infer individual behaviors from aggregate ecological data about a neighborhood?
The ecological fallacy
What planning policies aimed to relocate slum populations to less crowded municipal housing estates?
UK slum clearance programs
What signaled the reemergence of concerns over dangerous cities in the 1960s US?
Riots in Watts and other inner cities
What practices in the UK were seen as worsening police-community tensions in inner-cities in the 1980s?
Stop and search targeting of minority youths
Who coined the term “ecology of fear” regarding governance focused on criminalization and risk management?
Mike Davis
What paradox emerged from the 1990s onward with fear increasing but crime rates decreasing?
The fear/crime paradox
What does Mike Davis call the zone of prisons encircling cities to warehouse offender populations?
The gulag rim
