Topic 1: Hazardous earth

Question 1

causes of natural climate change

Answer 1

sunspots
volcanic eruptions
orbital changes (Milankovitch cycle)
asteroid collisions

Question 2

evidence for natural climate change

Answer 2

historical evidence
tree rings
ice cores

Question 3

strengths of hurricane Katrina, USA, 2005

Answer 3

detailed and accurate forecasting, 80% of city evacuated, Superdome stadium used as shelter for those who didn’t evacuate

Question 4

limitations of hurricane Katrina, USA, 2005

Answer 4

Poorest people suffered most as they couldn’t evacuate due to no car.
Levees and flood barriers were overwhelmed by storm surge, flooding 80% of city.

Question 5

Response limitations, Hurricane Katrina, USA, 2005

Answer 5

Not enough food and water in Superdome stadium.
Response not fast or effective enough.

Question 6

Strengths of Typhoon Haiyan, Philippines, 2013

Answer 6

Supported by Japan for tracking the typhoon
People in area of risk were evacuated by planes and helicopters.

Question 7

Limitations of Typhoon Haiyan, Philippines, 2013

Answer 7

Warnings were initially only Level 1 so people didn’t have enough time to respond after Level 4 warnings.
Some emergency shelters weren’t high enough.

Question 8

Response limitations, Typhoon Haiyan, Philippines, 2013

Answer 8

Relief effort slowed by blocked roads.
Many people without clean water for days
Relief efforts focused on Tacloban City neglecting other areas
Evacuation could only happen during daytime due to no electricity for light

Question 9

Hurricane Katrina category at landfall

Answer 9

3

Question 10

Hurricane Katrina storm surge height

Answer 10

6m

Question 11

Hurricane Katrina number evacuated

Answer 11

1.3 million (80%)

Question 12

Hurricane Katrina deaths

Answer 12

1,800

Question 13

Hurricane Katrina homeless

Answer 13

400,000

Question 14

Hurricane Katrina cost ($US)

Answer 14

$100 billion

Question 15

Typhoon Haiyan category at landfall

Answer 15

5

Question 16

Typhoon Haiyan storm surge height

Answer 16

5m

Question 17

Typhoon Haiyan number evacuated

Answer 17

0.8 million

Question 18

Typhoon Haiyan deaths

Answer 18

7,400

Question 19

Typhoon Haiyan homeless

Answer 19

4 million

Question 20

Typhoon Haiyan cost ($US)

Answer 20

$3 billion

Question 21

Continental crust thickness

Answer 21

30-50km

Question 22

Oceanic crust thickness

Answer 22

6-8km

Question 23

Divergent plate boundary

Answer 23

2x oceanic, move in opposite directions causing less violent volcanoes and earthquakes

Question 24

Divergent example

Answer 24

Mid-Atlantic ridge

Question 25

Conservative plate boundary

Answer 25

2x oceanic or 2x continental, slide sideways past each other causing large earthquakes

Question 26

Conservative example

Answer 26

San Andreas Fault, California

Question 27

Convergent subduction plate boundary

Answer 27

1x oceanic, 1x continental, oceanic plate subducts under continental plate as they move towards each other, causes violent volcanoes and earthquakes

Question 28

Subduction example

Answer 28

The Andes, Chile

Question 29

Convergent collision plate boundary

Answer 29

2x continental, material buckles between the plates as they collide creating mountain ranges and violent earthquakes

Question 30

Collision example

Answer 30

The Himalayas

Question 31

Types of volcanoes

Answer 31

Composite (violent), shield (less violent)

Question 32

Shield volcanoes plate boundaries

Answer 32

Divergent / hotspot

Question 33

Shield volcanoes magma type

Answer 33

Basaltic, low viscosity (thin)

Question 34

Shield volcanoes explosivity

Answer 34

Frequent eruptions, VEI: 0-4

Question 35

Composite volcanoes plate boundary

Answer 35

Convergent subduction

Question 36

Composite volcanoes magma type

Answer 36

Andesitic, high viscosity (thick)

Question 37

Composite volcanoes explosivity

Answer 37

Violent eruptions, VEI: 4-6

Question 38

Nepal earthquake 2015 plate boundary

Answer 38

Convergent collision

Question 39

Nepal earthquake 2015 buildings destroyed

Answer 39

160,000

Question 40

Nepal earthquake 2015 magnitude

Answer 40

7.8M

Question 41

Nepal GDP per capita

Answer 41

$1,300

Question 42

Nepal population density

Answer 42

Mostly rural except Kathmandu

Question 43

Nepal earthquake 2015 secondary hazards

Answer 43

Avalanches, landslides

Question 44

Nepal earthquake 2015 deaths

Answer 44

8,500

Question 45

Nepal earthquake 2015 economic cost ($US)

Answer 45

$10 billion

Question 46

Nepal earthquake 2015 primary impacts

Answer 46

Destruction in Kathmandu valley -Temples crumbled, roads blocked -Water pipes burst, no/polluted water

Question 47

Nepal earthquake 2015 secondary impacts

Answer 47

Destruction on Mt Everest -Avalanches at base camp killed 19 people -180 climbers trapped, helicopters rescued 80 stranded climbers Destruction in Langtang -Landslides buried all houses in village except 1 -Everyone dies: locals and tourists

Question 48

Japan earthquake, 2011 plate boundary

Answer 48

Convergent subduction

Question 49

Japan earthquake, 2011 buildings destroyed

Answer 49

127,000

Question 50

Japan earthquake, 2011 magnitude

Answer 50

9.0M

Question 51

Japan GDP per capita

Answer 51

$34,000

Question 52

Japan population density

Answer 52

Several large urban areas

Question 53

Japan earthquake, 2011 secondary hazards

Answer 53

Tsunami, radiation

Question 54

Japan earthquake, 2011 deaths

Answer 54

15,900 (90% from tsunami)

Question 55

Japan earthquake, 2011 economic cost ($US)

Answer 55

$300 billion

Question 56

Japan earthquake, 2011 primary impacts

Answer 56

Earthquake damage -Less than 5% of deaths -Tokyo railway services suspended, 20,000 stranded at stations

Question 57

Japan earthquake, 2011 secondary impacts

Answer 57

Tsunami damage -90% of total deaths due to drowning -Buildings collapsed, people displaced from Tokohu region Radiation threat -Level 7 nuclear meltdown due to cooling system failure at nuclear power plant -Radioactive water polluted Pacific Ocean